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• Describe Hellas Name the Greeks called their land Encompasses the Greek peninsula and the islands around it (Aegean basin) Describe the Minoan civilization Discovered on the island of Crete and named after the mythical king Minos - King and nobles governed the society - Traded with Egypt and the Near East - Trading brought them to the Mycenaeans Describe the Mycenaean civilization Founded numerous kingdoms from Thessaly to the South - relied on artisans, traders, and farmers What caused the fall of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations? They fought in a series of wars - leading to the "Dark Age" What is a Polis? Describe the Greeks' A community of citizens with their own customs and laws - Included a town and its surrounding countryside - Lived in compact groups of houses within a city. - Elevated point, acropolis, with the temples, altars, and various dedications to the gods - A public square, agora, where the warrior assembly met and became the political center What were some of the weaknesses of the Greek polis? Each polis was jealous of its independence (birth of Greek federalism and central government) and The passionate individualism (rarely willing to unite in larger political bodies) What were the 2 lasting important accomplishments of Greece during the Archaic Age? Geographical expansion as far east as the Black Sea and as far west as the Atlantic Ocean and Sparta and Athens What caused the geographical expansion of Greece? The increased population led to land hunger, causing them to seek new homes outside of Greece What are helots? After Sparta conquered Messene, the state slaves (helots) rose in revolt for 30 years What is the Lycurgan regimen? -All Spartans were given equal political rights -Two kings ruled, assisted by a council of nobles -Executive power laid in the hands of 5 ephors elected by the people -Helots did all the work while Spartans devoted their time to military training -Every citizen owed primary allegiance to Sparta -Men became soldiers at age 7 and family was second to military Describe women in Sparta Mainly free - Encouraged to participate in athletics and to eat well for the health to bare children - Could own land in their own right while husband off in war - Encouraged to be good wives so that men would fight more fiercely to return Who was Draco? Published the first law of the Athenian polis - Very harsh, but the condition of Athens still remained unsatisfactory Describe how Athena began to fall in the 6th century B.C.E -Nobles grew wealthy from trade and farmers grew poor -Citizens were sold into slavery to pay debt Describe the government of Athens Aristocratic - governed by the people - 9 archans were elected by voters who appointed officials and made laws (similar to the ephors of Sparta) Who was Solon? An Athenian Archan - freed all the people enslaved from debt, recalled all exiles, cancelled all debts on land, and made enslavement for debt illegal - allowed the poor into the aristocracy and could vote - however, did not completely bring peace to Athens > Some citizens tried to make themselves tyrants while others tried to oppose them Who was Pisistratus? An exiled noble in Athens - tyrant - reduced the power of the aristocracy and supported the common people - created a building program and Athens began to prosper - began the growth of democratic ideas Who was Cleisthenes? An aristocrat who won the support of ordinary people and created the deme (a local unit that kept the roll of citizens within its jurisdiction) Father of Democracy Who was the Athenian legislation in the hands of? The Boule - a council composed of 500 members who supervised committees and proposed bills to the assembly The Ecclesia - the assembly of all citizens __________ marked the entire classical period. WARFARE What events occurred in the Persian Wars? (1) Ionian Greeks and Athenians unsuccefully rebelled against the Persian Empire (2) The Persians struck at Athens but were defeated at Marathon (3) The Persian King, Xerxes, invaded Greece (4) Athens and Sparta came together to defeat the Persians (The Battle of Thermopylae) (5) Athens was lost, but Greece defeated the Persians (The Battle of Salamis) What was the Delian League? A grand naval alliance made by Athens and their allies intended to liberate Ionia from the Persian rule - Later turned into the Athenian empire Who was Pericles? Leader of Athens after the Persian Wars - Athens grew so powerful and aggressive that they even alarmed Sparta and its allies - Drove Sparta into the Peloponnesian War - Athens had to finally surrender due to the damage and loss of life What did Pericles do for the Athenian arts? He appropriated money for a large building program that erected temples and other buildings to honor Athena (The Parthenon) Who was Aeschylus? The first dramatist to explore basic questions as the rights of an individual, the conflict between society and the individual, and the nature of good and evil - Created a trilogy of plays, The Oresteia. Who was Sophocles? Wrote Antigone which emphasizes the precedence of divine law and family custom Wrote Oedipus the King, a story about a man who was doomed by the gods to kill his family Wrote Oedipus at Colonus, which shows the last few days of a broken man - He urges people to obey the gods Who was Euripides? The last of the 3 great dramatists in Greece - explored the theme of personal conflict and depth of an individual - the gods mattered far less than people Wrote the Bacchae Who was Aristophanes? The best Greek comedy writer - used the art of sarcasm to dramatize his ideas on how the polis should be run - The Clouds, Socrates thought factory - Lysistrata, the dangers of losing war