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Informal ways

• change the meaning not the words
• Legislative- news laws
• executive-executive order- president
• Judicial- court cases- roe v wade
• political parties- how elections are run; ex: primaries
• Customs- senatorial courtesy cabinet

Formal ways

• Change the actual word
• - very hard, long time
• House 2/3, senate 2/3, states 3/4 have to agree on something

1st amendment

• Religion, petition, assembly, press, speech
• Ex for speech is bong hits for jesus- student made sign for marathon and school didn’t like it but since it wasn’t school hours and it was his free speech

2nd amendment

• Pro
• right to beat arms
• against
• well regulated militia is necessary
• -now have standing: professional armies

3rd amendment

• No quartering of soldiers

4th amendment

• Searches/seizures- taking your property
• probable cause- reasonable- ex smell
• warrant- from a judge

5th amendment

• Self incrimination- do not have to testify
• no double jeopardy- can not be tried twice for same crime- ex OJ simpson
• Eminent Domain- Government has the Right to take property if deemed necessary. However must be fairly compensated

6th amendment

• Speedy trial
• jury- peers
• confront your accusers

7th amendment

• Civil court- had to do with $, not jail
• ex oj Simpson found guilty

8th amendment

• No Cruel and unusual punishment- death penalty but also excessive fines

9th amendment

• Enumeration- number- just because it was not written in the constitution does not mean citizens do not have the right
• ex roe v wade-right to privacy

10th amendment

• Powers not given to the fed
• not prohibited by the states( did not say states couldn't do it)
• * reserved power to/for the states
• ex cannot coin money- schools; public education

11th amendment

• States Cannot Sue another State
• -Citizen in another State can not Sue.
• has to come to the state in question
• Ex: iowa person would have to come to IL

12th amendment

• Election 1800-7 disaster— voted 35 times to
• get the "Right" electors
• *President /Vice- Run as a team
• -Before-> electoral vote count
• most- president
• 2nd- vice president

13th amendment

• Abolished slavery

14th amendment

• Jims crow laws in south states- this amendment tried to help the slaves
• 1. Path to Citizenship
• 2. All Citizens -> afforded "equal" protection under the laws
• 3. Ties (holds into account) the Bill of Rights to the states

15, 16, 17, 18 ,19

• -all males regardless of color can vote
• -income tax
• -“i lucky” citizens get to vote for senators
• -prohibition of alcohol
• -Women get to vote

20

• "LameDuck" -weak
• Changes the date when the president takes office from March to January
• - fish Tuesday after the first Monday on even number of years
• If President elected dies before getting in office the vice President moves to President

21

• Repealed prohibition

22

• Max 2 terms; 10 years

23

• Washington dc gets 3 electoral votes

24

• Eliminate Poll tax- ppl vote for free
• tax — attempt to limit and prevent minorities from voting

25

• VP becomes President
• "New" President Can Select 'New' VP with Congress' approval
• When the Current President is considered incapacitated by the up and majority of his/her cabinet
• ex biden was inti surgery and harris became president for 85 minutes

26

• Changed voting age from 21 to 18

27

• Congressional pay raises