On the move

introduction

• --voluntary: economic/social. possibly go for a better quality of life
• --forced or displaced people: environmental/political refugee, asylum seeker. People who are forced to move by war,famine,persecution or natural disaster
• --illegal migrants: people who avoid border and immmigration controls and enter a new country illegally.
• 

Migration Theory

• useful migration theory is Lee's push-pull theory. It explained the factors causing migration in terms of the positive and negative characteristics of origin and destination areas.
• -migrants have to perceive some benefit in moving from one place to another
• 

historic migration

• Globalisation has made population movements easier than ever, and the volume of movement is increasing by 2005 200 million people worldwide were living outside their country of birth.
• The UK has faced waves of migration since the second world war. In 2015 13% of the british population was foreign born.
• -the UK encouraged immigration from colonies and former colonies such as West indies, pakistan, bangladesh. part of a deliberate policy to fill labour shortages in sectors such as railways,buses and NHS.
• -they had to recover the war from industry and had a duty to protect colonies
• -imigration has not been evenly spread across the UK. (EG) London is more multi ethnic than northeast england.
• ethnic groups have concentrated in particular areas.
• after 1970
• government responded to concerns about large scale immigration. places restrictions on entry to the UK
• 

where do they go ?

• WHERE THE IMMIGRANTS GO IN THE UK
• -CHINESE- 50% live in london and set up small buisnesses such as takeaways
• -BLACK AFRICAN- 80% live in London. A diverse range of communitites from different African nations has developed
• -PAKISTAN- london has the largest concentration however the west midlands and yorkshire have high numbers
• 

EASTERN EUROPEAN MIGRATION

• Push Factors:
• - average unemployment in poland is around 10%
• - youth employment is around 40% and 80% of the migrants in the UK are under 35
• - rural unemployment in some areas of over 40%
• Pull factors:
• - in 2014 uk was one of only 3 countries who did not restrict the number of migrants from A8 countries
• - UK has reputations for being tolerant towards migrants
• - cheap bus and air travel
• - unemployment in the UK is fairly low at 5%
• - skill shortages along with high demmand for skilled and semi skilled labour
• - GDP is alot higher
• - immigrant friendly services were set up, Polish Uk banks allowed remittances to be sent home
• - support of business that favoured east european workers because of their willingnes to take jobs (often low paid)
• Eastern European countries include:
• romania, bulgaria, hungary, poland, russia and ukraine
• The number of migrant grew quickly from almost none in 2004 to around 700,000 resident migrants in 2007. most of the migrants work in low paid temporary jobs in agriculture or services such as catering. It is known as diffuse migrations because they dont just go to the urban areas.
• IMPACTS ON THE SOURCE COUNTRY (E EUROPEANS)
• negative
• social:
• -since 2005 the divorce rate has increased due to migration and people leaving spouces behind.
• -ageing and reduced fertility at home. Polands population could decline from 38 to 33 million by 2050
• -most migrants are young males so it leaves an imbalance at home

Slide 6

• economical:
• -brain drain and skills shortages. Skilled workers are leaving for igher wages and opportunities. Poland educate them then they leave (EG) 7% less workforce in Poland.
• - some workers expolited by gang masters and are paid less than the minimum wage
• positive:
• -skills can be taken back (EG) English and IT skills
• - remittances workers send 25% of earnings home (EG) poland this meant £6.4 billion in 2006
• -higher wages , A8 migrants average £6 per hour which is higher than at home
• -pay tax as most of are the working age
• -in the uk there are nearly 300,000 foregin students in higher education which contribute £5 million to uk economy which becomes essential to the budgets of many UK universities
• IMPACTS ON THE HOST COUNTRY (UK)
• negatives:
• economical:
• -cluster of polish buisnesses have opened which has declined shopping streets
• funds have to be produced. need to go to hospital and school. puts pressure on local schools, NHS and council services (EG) Cost the NHS £50 mil to provide translations
• -pressure on space and housing causing rising house costs
• social:
• -primary shools are becoming more mixed which could possible affect the rate of learning (EG) primary school in Wrexham. Number of pupils with english as second language increased by 200 in 18 moths.
• -uk population growth to 65 mil by 2016. 20% are born to recent migrants
• environmental:
• -more houses needed so homes need to bee built which take up land. more schools and infrastructure needed (EG) a group of 40 romanians have been living in squashed, flithy conditions
• -migrants co

retirement to Mediterranean locations

• retirement migration from northern Europe to sunbelt locations in the Mediterranean has grown strongly in recent decades.
• most migrants are:
• -in their late 50s or early 60s
• -couples without dependant children
• Causes
• -rising affluence among populations of northern europe. they get their state pension by UK government, money will go 30% further in spain.
• -healthcare is cheaper and get seen quicker in spain. early retirement and longer life expectancy, most retirees anticipating 20 years of good health
• -greater awareness of culture and foreign places through oversea holidays and travel abroad.
• -cost of living out there is good
• -creation of EU removing barries
• reasons for migration
• -warmer climate , it is a comfortable temperature
• -the weather could add to the quality of life providding opportunities for year round outdoor recreation
• -good weather could bring health advantages
• "the distance between Spain and the UK has shrank"]
• -rise of low cost airlines such as easyjet
• -long term road building programmes in spain
• -the internet which makes business and family communications with the UK easier (EG) skype

Slide 8

• IMPACTS ON SOURCE COUNTRY UK
• negative:
• -loss of highly experienced work force especially if they retire early
• -family breakup as grandparents move away. loss of potential child care
• positives:
• -the goverment still have to provide the pension however not for the provision of healthcare
• -some health and care problems are effectively exported
• -emigration partly balances the increase of immigration which reduces the net flow of migration
• -relieves pressure for new homes
• IMPACTS OF HOST COUNTRY (SPAIN)
• negative:
• social:
• -emmigration 'ghettos' are created with little social and cultural intergration due to lack of knowledge
• -resentment may grow as immigrants seek to enter local politics
• -house prices increase which makes it hard for locals to buy houses
• -1.8 milliuon propertiees owned by foreign nationals in spain
• economic:
• -make disproportionate lack of healthcare services
• -rising local healthcare costss and inflated property hosues
• environmental
• -large scale villa developments have ruined much of the costal landscape and degraded biodiversity
• -250mm of rainfall a year in spain so the water system is at risk. it is used for swimming pools and golf course
• -localised pollution
• positives:
• -significant portion of countries wealth and employment comes from tourism- enables sustainable infrastructure.
• -jobs created in construction, retail, tourism and other services
• -business to provide services for foreign residents were created (EG)gardening, cleaning xare
• -areas which were largely unproductive scrubland now become valuable land to build on.