Flashcards
NCE Human Growth and Development- Rosenthal
Flashcards do conjunto (27)
- 1Theory of Behaviorism for Human Growth and Development-outlined by John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B.F. Skinner
- passive theory that relies on empiricism: the mind is a blank slate and the child learns to behave
-John Locke's view that knowledge is acquired by experience; all behavior is result of learning - 2Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1.5 yrs)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1.5-3)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6- 11 yrs)
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 yrs)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35 yrs)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (35-60 yrs)
8. Integrity vs. Despair (65+) - 3Jean Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth- 2 yrs)
2. Preoperational Stage (2 -7 yrs)
3. Concrete Operations (7-12 yrs)
3. Formal Operations (11/12- 16 yrs) - 4SchemaPatterns or thought and behavior
- 5Adaptation and Assimilation vs. AccommodationOccurs qualitatively when the individual fits information into existing ideas (assimilation) and modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information (accommodation)
- 6Object PermanenceOccurs in the SENSORIMOTOR stage; evident when the child knows an object still exists even if he can't see it
- 7CentrationKey factor in the PREOPERATIONAL stage; the act of focusing on one aspect of something
- 8ConservationTakes place in the CONCRETE OPERATIONS stage; the child knows that volume and quantity do not change just because the appearance of the object changes (comprehends change in shape does not mean change in volume).
- 9Abstract Scientific ThinkingTakes place in FORMAL OPERATIONS stage.
- 10Keagan's Constructive Developmental ModelEmphasizes the impact of personal interaction and our perception of reality
- 11Lawrence Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development1. Precoventional Level- behavior governed by consequences
2. Conventional Level- behavior governed by a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules
3. Postconventional Level- self-accepted and moral principles of behavior
Each level has two stages - 12Carol GilliganTheory of Moral Development for Women
-Adapted Kohlbergs levels of Moral Development to women in her 1982 book, In a Different Voice. These newly defined levels were based on the assumption that women are more caring and compassionate - 13Daniel LevinsonFour Major Eras/ Transition Theory
-In 1978 book, The Season's of a Man's Life, depicted the changes in men's lives throughout the lifespan.
-The four eras include: childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood - 14Lev VygotskyProposed that cognitive development is not the result of innate factors, but is produced by activities that take place in one's culture.
-known for zone of proximal development - 15Zone of Proximal DevelopmentRefers to the difference in the child's ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with some help from others.
- Lev Vygotsky - 16Freud's Five Psychosexual Stages1. Oral (birth to 1yr)
2. Anal (1-3 yrs)
3. Phallic (3yrs-7yrs)- defined by Oedipal Electra Complex
4. Latency (3-5 until age 12)
5. Genital (adolescence and adulthood)
*Freud was criticized for focusing too much on sex and not including the entire lifespan in his theory - 17Oral Stage-Child is focused on oral pleasures
-Too much or too little gratification could result in oral fixation
-Personality becomes dependent, gullible, and insecure - 18Anal Stage-Focus of pleasure on eliminating and retaining feces
-Anal fixation can result in an obsession with cleanliness, perfection, and control (anal retentive)
-Anal fixation can also result in being messy and disorganized (anal repulsive) - 19Phallic Stage- Pleasure zone= genitals
-Oedipus Complex & Electra Complex occur during this stage - 20Latency Stage-Sexual urges remain repressed
-Children interact and play mostly with their same sex peers. - 21Genital Stage-Emerges at the start of puberty
-Sexual urges are once again awakened
-Primary focus of pleasure is on genitals - 22Libido-The drive to live an the sexual instinct that is present at birth.
- It is said to be sublimated during the latency stage as the individual has little interest in sex; this ends when puberty begins - 23RegressionThe return to an earlier stage caused by stress.
- 24FixationImplies that the person is unable to move to the next stage
- 25Abraham MaslowHierarchy of Needs: Self Actualization, Esteem, Social, Safety, Physiological
- proposed that lower needs need to be fulfilled before self actualization could occur
-interviewed self actualized people - 26William PerryThree Stage Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development in Adults/College Students
1. Dualism- student's view the truth as either right or wrong
2. Relativism- the notion that a perfect answer may or may not exist
3. Commitment to Relativism- individual is willing to change his or her opinion based on novel facts and new points of view - 27James W. FowlerSix Stage Theory of Faith and Spiritual Development
Pre-stage. Undifferentiated (infacy- 4yrs)
Stage 1. Intuitive-projective faith (early childhood- yrs)
Stage 2. Mythic-literal belief (childhood +)
Stage 3. Synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence +)- a stage of conformity
Stage 4. Individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood +)
Stage 5. Conjunctive faith (mid-30's +)- open to other points of view, paradox, and appreciation of symbols and metaphors
Stage 6. Universalizing faith (midlife +)- few reach this stage of enlightenment
*according to Fowler, faith is not identical with one's belief in religion
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- FlashCards sobre NCE Human Growth and Development- Rosenthal, criado por Elyse Parcher em 12-09-2014.
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