Flashcards
Politics - Key Terms straight from Comparative Politics
Flashcards do conjunto (77)
- 1PoliticsThe making of authoritative public choices from public preferences
- 2Comparative PoliticsThe systematic search for answers to political questions about how people around the world make and contest authoritative public choices
- 3HypothesisAn argument linking cause to effect
- 4FalsifiableThe possibility that a hypothesized relationship can be shown to be incorrect
- 5Comparative MethodA way to examine patters of facts or events to narrow down what is important in terms of building a convincing comparative politics argument
- 6Method of AgreementCompares and contrasts cases with different attributes but shared outcomes, seeking the one attribute these cases share in common to attribute causality (find something that AGREES)
- 7Method of DifferenceCompares and contrasts cases with the same attributes but different outcomes, and determines causality by finding an attribute that is present when an outcome occurs, BUT is absent in similar cases when the outcome does not occur (finding the DIFFERENCE)
- 8CorrelationA measure of observed association between two variables
- 9CausationA process or event that produces an observable effect
- 10Quantitative ResearchRelies on statistical data to assess relationships between attributes and outcomes, analyzing those data using computers
- 11Qualitative ResearchFocuses on an in-depth understanding of attributes and outcomes. Emphasis on depth rather than breadth
- 12Mixed Method ResearchUses both quantitative and qualitative methods in order to build convincing claims about the relationship between attributes and outcomes
- 13StateA political-legal unit with sovereignty over a particular geographic territory and the population that resides within that territory
- 14SovereigntyUltimate responsibility for and legal authority over the conduct of internal affairs, including a claim to a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force - within territory defined by geographic borders
- 15Failed StateA state where sovereignty over claimed territory has collapsed or was never effectively established at all
- 16LegitimacyThe degree to which citizens willingly accept the state's sovereign authority to use power
- 17Collective Action ProblemA situation wherein each individual has private incentives not to participate in an action that benefits all members of a group (think of the Prisoner's Dilemma)
- 18State of NatureTerm coined by Thomas Hobbes to describe an imaginary time before human beings organized into governments or states for the collective good
- 19Social ContractA theoretical political agreement in which everyone agrees to limit their ability to do as they please in order to achieve some collective benefit
- 20GovernmentThe organization that has the authority to act on behalf of a state, and the right to make decisions that affect everyone in the state
- 21NationA cultural grouping of individuals who associate with each other based on collectively held political identity
- 22NationalismA subjective feeling of membership in a nation
- 23Society ("Civil Society")A term for all organized groups, social movements, interest groups, and individuals who attempt to remain autonomous from the influence and authority of the state (outside the realm of the state)
- 24FeudalismA form of political organization in which no single political entity or ruler held unambiguous territorial sovereignty and in which political rule involved multiple and often overlapping lines of authority
- 25Political IdentityThe ways that individuals categorize themselves and others, and how they understand the power relationships of domination and oppression that exist between groups
- 26RaceCategorization of humans into large populations supposedly based on hereditable physical characteristics such as skin colour, facial features and hair texture
- 27EthnicityA group of people who share an understanding of a common heritage based on religion, language, territory or family ties
- 28BourgeoisieAn economic class of wealthy capitalists that emerged during the Industrial Revolution
- 29ProletariatAn economic class of wage labourers who work in factories that emerged during the Industrial Revolution
- 30Class-ConsciousnessIndividuals' self-awareness of the political implications of being a member of a particular economic class (Marx)
- 31Political CleavageA deep and lasting salient dimension of political conflict and competition within a given society, such as religion, ethnicity, ideology or other forms of identity. (Ex. class cleavage in the UK is illustrated by popular support from working class for the Labour party, and wealthier voters go for the Conservative party)
- 32PrimordialismAn approach to understanding identity which assumes that identities are something people are born with or that emerge through deep psychological processes in early childhood (think of the "nature" side of the nature/nurture debate)
- 33ConstructivismAn approach to understanding identity which assumes that political identities are malleable, even if they often appear to be primordial, and suggests that we think of identity as an evolving political process rather than a fixed set of identity categories (think of "nurture" on the nature/nurture debate)
- 34Kinship BondsA connection to others formed by blood, marriage or other family relations
- 35DemocracyA political system in which the rulers are accountable to the ruled
- 36AccountabilityA political mechanism that offers citizens regular and realistic opportunities to remove the rulers from office through peaceful and constitutional means
- 37ElectorateA group of citizens eligible to participate in the election of government leaders (often in the form of age minimums)
- 38Universal SuffrageWherein all adult citizens have the right to participate in the electoral process that selects and removes government leaders
- 39ConstitutionA set of key laws and principles that structure the extent and distribution of government authority and individual rights, by setting up the rules of the political game
- 40UnitarismThe constitution grants the central government exclusive and final authority over policymaking across the entire national territory
- 41FederalismThe constitution grants two or more governments overlapping political authority over the same group of people and the same piece of territory
- 42Presidential SystemA constitutional format in which the executive and legislative branches enjoy both separation of origin and survival
- 43Separation of OriginVoters directly elect the members of the legislature and also cast a separate ballot directly electing the chief executive, the president
- 44Separation of SurvivalMembers of both the executive and legislative branches serve for fixed terms of office (ex. in the USA)
- 45Parliamentary SystemA constitutional format in which the executive and legislative branches have neither separation of origin nor separation of survival
- 46Prime MinisterThe chief executive in a parliamentary system
- 47No-Confidence VoteA parliamentary vote which, if successful, terminates the Prime Minister's appointment
- 48Semi-Presidential HybridA constitutional format in which the president and parliament enjoy separation of origin, but only the president enjoys separation of survival
- 49Dual ExecutiveIn hybrid democratic regimes, an executive branch of government that is characterized by a division of authority and responsibility between a president and a prime minister
- 50Divided GovernmentOccurs in presidential systems when the president comes from one party, but a different party controls the legislative branch
- 51Judicial ReviewThe ability of a country's high court to invalidate laws the legislature has enacted by declaring them unconstitutional
- 52Parliamentary SupremacyA principle according to which judges' decisions remain subordinate to decisions of the legislative majority
- 53Marbury vs. MadisonA US Supreme Court case, which established that the judicial branch had the authority to undertake judicial review of laws passed by Congress and signed by the president
- 54Electoral SystemThe political rules that translate citizens' votes into legislative seats and/or control of a directly elected executive
- 55Plurality RuleThe candidate who receives the largest share of the votes in the district wins, even if that share is less than a majority of 50%+1 of the votes
- 56Majority RuleRequires that candidates obtain a majority of 50%+1 of the votes in the district to win
- 57Proportional RepresentationAn electoral system that distributes seats proportionally to the vote each party receives
- 58Mixed Electoral RulesCombine a plurality or majority rule to elect some members of the national legislature with a Plurality Rule electoral rule to elect the remainder
- 59RegimeThe basic form of a state's government
- 60SelectorateIn non-democratic regimes, a subset of the population that chooses and removes the leader or leaders
- 61Reciprocal AccountabilityThe selectorate chooses and removes the leadership, but the leadership also selects and removes the members of the selectorate
- 62IdeologyA set of political beliefs or ideas that structures and gives meaning to political interests and that motivates people to act politically in particular ways
- 63CommunismHolds that under capitalist economic systems, the wealthy exploit the workers and the poor. Communists believe that efforts should be made to redistribute economic wealth as much as possible, and that a single political party should direct the government and control the state
- 64FascismA totalitarian ideology based in racist principles that glorified militarism, violence, nationalism and the state over individual interests and identities, usually led by charismatic individual political leaders
- 65Cold WarA period of international conflict lasting from 1945-1990, which opposed democratic capitalist countries against non-democratic communist countries
- 66CapitalismAn economic system in which individuals hold and invest property
- 67Social DarwinismThe idea that certain races are inherently superior to others and that the superior races would inevitably conquer the weak ones (used as principle of fascism)
- 68MonarchyNon-democratic systems in which rulers assume power via birthright and are removed from power when they die (and replaced by heir)
- 69Absolute MonarchyA monarchy in which no selectorate exits, meaning the ruler answers to no one
- 70Constitutional MonarchyA system in which the constitution sets formal limits on the monarch's powers
- 71Single-Party RegimeIn which a single political party dominates all government institutions and restricts political competition to maintain itself in power
- 72Military RegimeA non-democratic regime in which the selectorate is typically limited to the highest ranks of the military officer corps
- 73JuntaThe group of leaders of a military regime
- 74OligarchyA non-democratic regime in which the selectorate consists of a small social, economic or political elite, which selects a leader to represent their interests
- 75TheocraciesNon-democratic regimes in which leaders who claim divine guidance hold the authority to rule
- 76Personalistic RegimeA system built around the glorification and empowerment of a single individual (think of Stalin in Soviet Union)
- 77CorruptionThe illicit use of public authority to achieve private gain
Informações
- Descrição
- final Imperial Russia FlashCards sobre Politics - Key Terms straight from Comparative Politics, criado por Emily Fenton em 19-10-2014.
- Criado por
- Emily Fenton
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