Flashcards
Oceanography chapter 6
Flashcards do conjunto (80)
- 1What holds water molecules together?Hydrogen bonds
- 2The ability of water molecules to stick to each other, creating surface tension is known as?Cohesion
- 3The tendency of water molecules to stick to other substances is called?Adhesion
- 4The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its moleculesSurface tension
- 5A measure of the heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1°C is calledHeat Capacity
- 6What is heat capacity measured by?calories
- 7Water resists changing temperature when heat is added or removed. What does water have?A high heat capacity
- 8Mass per unit volumeDensity
- 9Most substances become denser as they get ________colder
- 10What is A?water at room temperature
- 11What is A-B?density increases as temp drops
- 12What is C?hydrogen bonds cause rigidity, causing liquid to expand. Water becomes less dense until 0°C is reached
- 13What is D?abrupt decrease in density with freezing
- 14Process that transitions liquid to solidFreezing point
- 15How much does water expand when frozen?9%
- 16What is E?-40°
- 17What is D?heat is added, ice is warmed, begins to melt
- 18What is D-C?latent heat of fusion
- 19What is latent heat of fusion?- heat is absorbed, but temperature does not change as the ice melts.
- the amount of energy required to break hydrogen bonds
- 20What is C?all liquid
- 21What is A-F?continues to heat up, boils & vaporizes
- 22Convert or be converted into vapor?Vaporization
- 23How many square miles of ice covers the Arctic in winter?2 million
- 24Ice melts, but ocean’s temperature remain __________.moderate
- 25Tendency of a substance to resist change in temperature with the gain or loss of heat is calledThermal Inertia
- 26Land temp fluctuations:122°F to -129°F
- 27Ocean Temp Fluctuations:90°F to 29°F
- 28Where are the temperatures the lowest in the ocean?The polar regions
- 29Where are the temperatures the highest in the ocean?Near the equator
- 30What does heavy rainfall do in the equatorial regions?“freshens” the ocean near the equator
- 31Hot and dry conditions near the tropic lines (Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer) result in what?higher surface salinity
- 32Water is more dense when it has what temperature and salinity?Cold, salty water is more dense than warm, less salty water
- 33When does density increase?increases salinity, increases pressure, & decreases temperature
- 34The density of seawater varies between what?1.020 and 1.030 g/cm3 compared with 1.000 g/cm3 for pure water at the same temperature.
- 35Much of the ocean is divided into three density zones:1) the surface zone
2) the pycnocline
3) the deep zone. - 36What is the surface zone?The surface zone, or mixed layer, is the upper layer of ocean, where temperature is relatively constant
- 37Facts about the surface zone- The surface zone consists of water in contact with the atmosphere and exposed to sunlight.
- It contains the ocean’s least dense water and accounts for only about 2% of total ocean volume.
- The surface zone (or mixed layer) typically extends to a depth of about 150 meters (500 feet), but depending on local conditions, it may reach a depth of 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) or be absent entirely. - 38What is the Pycnocline- density increases with increasing depth
- Thermocline
- Halocline - 39What is the deep zone?lies below the pycnocline
- 40Where there is a _____________, density stratification usually prevents vertical water movementthermocline
- 41The bending of waves, which occurs from one medium to another is calledRefraction
- 42Degree to which light is refracted from one medium to another, it also increases with salinity is calledRefractive index
- 43Why do sound and light waves bend?- when they leave one medium (air) and enter another (water) at an angle other than 90°
- they both travel at different speeds of media
- 44What is light?electromagnetic radiation that travels as waves through space, air, & water
- 45What occurs when light is bounced between air & water molecules?Scattering of Light
- 46What occurs when light’s electromagnetic energy is converted to heat?Absorption
- 47Thin film of lighted water at the top of the surface zone, warm, life-filled layer is calledPhotic zone
- 48What are the three different parts of the Photic zone?1) Ocean ocean
2) Clearest water
3) Coastal water - 49Ocean ocean depth~100 meters
- 50Clearest water depth600 meters
- 51Coastal water depth40 meters
- 52Dark water beneath the photic zone is calledAphotic zone
- 53What are the characteristics of color refracted by light into the ocean?- The absorption of light depends on the color.
- Top meter absorbs nearly all the infrared radiation & 71% of red light
- Blue light is absorbed by ~300 meters
- 54What is sound?A form of energy transmitted by rapid pressure changes in an elastic medium
- 55Why would the intensity of sound decrease as it travels through seawater?because of spreading, scattering & absorption
- 56Occurs as sound bounces off bubbles, particles, organisms, the surface & bottom is calledScattering of Sound
- 57Speed of sound in seawater at surface:1,500 m/s
- 58Speed of sound in seawater is how much faster than air?5 times faster
- 59Why would sound increase?Due to an increase in temperature and pressure.
- 60Sound travels fast in shallow warm water because of thelow pressure
- 61When does sound reach its minimum velocity in N. Atlantic?~1200 meters
- 62When does sound reach its minimum velocity in the N. Pacific?~600 meters
- 63Sound fixing and ranging channel: horizontal layer of water in the ocean at which the depth the speed of sound is at a minimum is called what layer?SOFAR
- 64What causes sound to stay in the SOFAR layer?Refraction
- 65Loud noises at the depth of the SOFAR layer can be heard forthousands of kilometers
- 66The sound speed minimum isslowest sound speed occurs at a depth of about 800 to 1000 meters.
- 67What does the sound speed minimum createIt creates a sound channel in which sound waves can travel long distances.
- 68Which way are sound waves usually bent?towards the region of lower sound speed.
- 69What happens to sound that travels upwards from a source at the sound speed minimum?It is bent back towards the minimum
- 70What happens to sound that travels down from the source?It is bent back up toward the minimum.
- 71How can we calcualate water temperature differencesby recording the time taken for sound to reach receivers
- 72At 1,000 meters, ocean is expected to warm 0.005°C per year, and over a decadethis would cut a few seconds from time travel of a sound signal
- 73What are some of the main causes of Noise pollution?- ship noise
- noise from oil & gas exploration & mining
- High-frequency sonar
- Fishery noisemakers - 74Ship noise examplescargo vessels, supertankers, cruise ships produce noise from engines, propellers, generators, bearings
- 75Noise from oil & gas exploration & mining does what?loud & continuous sounds from seismic surveys, pipeline & platform construction, drilling
- 76High-frequency sonar does what?- Disrupts feeding & communication, causes beaching, physical trauma
- Is over 10kHz - 77Fishery noisemakers does what?used to prevent dolphins & whales from becoming tangled in fishing gear
- 78What are the two main themes of water in this chapter?1) Thermostatic balancing effect
2) Influence of density - 79Thermostatic balancing effect explainsThat the ocean has a big impact on global temperatures
- Temperature buffer
- Heat is stored in the ocean - 80Influence of density isdependent on temperature and salt content
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- FlashCards sobre Oceanography chapter 6, criado por Ashleigh McDevitt em 04-10-2024.
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- Ashleigh McDevitt
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