Flashcards
ANS 104 Midterm 2
Flashcards do conjunto (236)
- 1What are the 3 types of parental behavior?Parental Care
Bi-Parental Care
Maternal Care - 2What are primary sexual characteristics?Reproductive Organs
- 3What are secondary sexual characteristics?Traits
usually related to
sexual dimorphism,
but not directly
involved in
reproduction - 4What are the 4 types of monogamy?Serial
Lifetime
Sexual
Social - 5What is serial monogamy?mate for just 1 season; may or may not
mate with same individual in subsequent
seasons - 6What is lifetime monogamy?Same partner until 1 dies
- 7What is social monogamy?A male and a female associate as a pair (may have sex with other individuals)
- 8What is sexual monogamy?Pairs that confine sexual relations to one another
- 9Define PolygamyMore than 1 sexual partner
- 10What are the types of Polygamy?Polygyny
Polyandry - 11What is polygeny?One male who has multiple female partners
- 12What is polyandry?One female has multiple male partners
- 13What are the two ways in which polygeny occurs?Male-to-Male Competition & Mate Choice
- 14Describe Male-to-Male CompetitionMales compete for access to females
- 15Describe Mate ChoiceFemales choose males
- 16What are the 4 Genetic Models within the Mate Choice Hypothesis?Direct Benefits
Good Genes
Sensory Bias Exploitation
Runaway Selection - 17Describe the Direct Benefits ModelFemales choose males who can give the females access to the best resources
- 18In the Direct Benefits Model, what are examples of resources that a male can offer a female?food/water resources, protection from predators and other males, offspring care (bi-parental care)
- 19Describe the Good Genes ModelFemale chooses a mate that will father more fit offspring
- 20Describe Runaway Selection ModelFemale chooses a male based upon secondary characteristics that exploit a sensory bias
- 21Describe the Runaway Selection ModelFemale chooses a male based upon traits that have not been linked to increase survivability
- 22Give an example of Runaway SelectionA male peacock has a tail that is maladaptive (it doesn't increase his survivability) but females are attracted to it
- 23What are the advantages of the Good Genes model?The female is able to transmit fitness advantage to her offspring. Offspring will be healthier, stronger, & have better survival skills
- 24Give an example of Sensory Bias Model(Zebra Finches) Researchers attached artificial feathers of various colors. Female finches find facial markings attractive, so males that had a white artificial feather attached to their heads were able to mate more because the white feather extended the facial marking.
- 25What is the general rule in Male-to-Male Competition?Bigger, Better, Faster=more matings
- 26Is the general rule in Male-to-Male competition true in all situations?No, success can be density dependent.
- 27Give an example of Polyandry Sexual BehaviorS. American Janacas- females control access to multiple males by monopolizing critical resources. These females "super-territories" may encompass the nesting areas of several males. Females lay clutches of eggs in male territories & males incubate the eggs
- 28Why do we care about sexual behavior?We care about sexual behavior because from an endangered species, agricultural and sports perspective. By learning components of animal sexual behavior people can develop breeding programs to aid in increasing endangered species populations, breed quality show or sports animals (such as Thoroughbreds) and increase reproductive success for animals in agriculture
- 29What are the components of Male Sexual Behavior?Courtship/Pre-Mating
Copulation/Intromission
Libido
Performance - 30What could go wrong with Male Sexual Behavior?Things could go wrong with Libido & Performance
- 31What are the two things that could go wrong with libido?Internal & External Stimuli
External: If his olfactory bulb is defective, he won't be able to detect pheromones in female urine
Internal Hormonal State: If female is not receptive, than the male will not be able to mate with her - 32What could go wrong with Performance in Male Sexual Behavior?Courtship/Pre-Mating & Copulations/Intromission
Courtship/Pre-Mating: If a male is unable to court the female correctly to ensure that she will be receptive.
Copulation/Intromission: If the male does not know how to perform - 33Give an example of what could go wrong with courship/pre-matingMany birds dance in sync with one another. If the male misses a step, the female will not mate with him.
- 34How might reproductive problems occur in captivity?Relaxed selection in captivity, Unintentional selection, Artificial selection for phenotypes that could interfere with performance, Inappropriate rearing conditions
- 35Explain how relaxed natural selection in captivity can be a problem?The goals of captive breeding programs is to maintain genetic diversity, with no regard for behavioral diversity. As a result, individuals with low libido are able to reproduce.
- 36What are the effects of low libido (as a result of relaxed natural selection) in captivity?Animals display inadequate sexual behavior
- 37Explain how unintentional selection in captivity can be a problem?People are attracted to docile individuals, so in an effort to avoid handling more aggressive individuals, people unintentionally select to breed docile individuals
- 38How can artificial selection for phenotypes that interfere with performance be a problem?Commercial Turkeys: People choose for big chests/as a result male turkeys are unable to perform
Bulldogs: People choose for narrow waists & big heads/as a result females cannot give birth naturally - 39How can inappropriate rearing conditions be problematic?In production systems, early weaning results in young individuals housed in same-age & sex groups/as a result, they don't know how to mate or have same-sex preferences.
Hand-rearing animals such as whooping cranes can be problematic if humans teach the animals wrong signals - 40What are solutions for reproductive problems?Can fix problems using artificial selection if the traits are not fixed in the population. Can fix the problem by manipulating the rearing environment or restoring libido
- 41How can you increase libido?Coolidge Effect: Introduce a new female
Spectator Effect: Let animal watch other animals copulate - 42Why is duration & time of isolation in a rearing environment important?Rearing in isolation can have negative effects on animals depending on species. Guinea Pigs shouldn't be isolate for more than 77 days or the male will displace inappropriate sexual behavior
- 43What are consequences of females not being able to choose their mates?In finches, the prefer to mate with males of the same color. When mix color, offspring wouldn't survive, less eggs hatched, etc.
- 44What are benefits from female choice?Protection from predators & other males, Offspring Care: good genes, Transmit fitness advantages to their offspring so offspring are healthier, stronger, and have better survival skills, Good food/water resources, good shelter, nesting & densites.
- 45What are the 3 types of Polygyny?Female Defense
Resource Defense
Male Dominance - 46Describe Female Defense PolygenyMales control access to females directly
- 47Give an example of Female Defense PolygenyMale elk defend groups of female elk
- 48Describe Resource Defense PolygynyMales control access to females indirectly by monopolizing critical resourcs
- 49Give an example of Resource Defense PolygenyIndividual male ring-necked pheasants defend territories during breeding season. Females are attracted to the resources within these territories, giving the male preferential access to females
- 50Describe Male Dominance PolygynyMales aggregate during breeding season & females select mates from these aggregations.The more dominant males mate with more females.
- 51When does Male Dominance Polygyny occur?When it is not feasible for males to monopolize mates or critical resources
- 52Give an example of Male Dominance PolygynyMale Sagegrouse gather together in leks & females choose which male she will mate with
- 53Which type of sexual behavior is favored for domestication: Monogamy or Polygamy & why?Polygamous species are favored for domestication since only a few males are needed to impregnate many females, thus reducing the total # of individuals needing to be accommodated & needed to maximize the reproductive success of the population.
- 54What is looked at during a breeding soundness exam?Reproductive Organs: internal & external, Semen Quality, Physical health/conformation: teeth, vision, legs, body condition
- 55What is natural cover?Females & males are in pasture & mate with whoever they want. No human intrusion.
- 56Define Oligotocousbearing few young
- 57Define PolytocousBearing many young (often in litters & clutches)
- 58Define Altricial"requires nourishment"
Less developed - 59Define Precocial"mature before its time"
More developed - 60Give an example of a species that is oligotocous with precocial youngcattle; usually have one or two calves that are more developed
- 61Give an example of a species that is polytocous with precocial youngchickens, ducks; bear many young (in litter/clutches) that are more developed
- 62Give an example of species that is Polytocous with altricial youngrats, mice, cats, dogs; bear many young (in litters/clutches) that are less developed
- 63Define Paritythe state of having borne offspring
- 64Define Nulliparousnever having borne offspring
- 65Define Primiparous1st time having offspring
- 66Define Multiparoushaving borne offspring more than once
- 67List the components of Maternal CareNesting, maternal responsiveness, maternal discrimination, maternal care, termination of maternal care
- 68Describe "Nesting" behaviorrestlessness, nest seeking, nest building, wandering, isolation
- 69Describe the Sensitive PeriodDiscrete window of time during which a specific behavior is acquired such as song acquisition, species-specific behaviors, etc.
- 70In regards to maternal care, what behavior is acquired during the sensitive periods in pregnant females?Maternal Responsiveness: mother forms bond with offspring
- 71Describe Maternal ResponsivenessBegins with a female responding to all babies, and ends with individual recognition & discrimination of offspring by mother
- 72Describe Maternal DiscriminationA mother knows the difference between her own babies and other babies
- 73What is Parental Investment?Any investment by parents that increases the survival of offspring while decreasing the ability of parents to invest in other offspring (including the parent's own survival)
- 74What are the 2 types of Parental Investment?Direct & Indirect
- 75Describe Direct Parental InvestmentInvestment that has an immediate physical impact on offspring survival (such as provisioning, lactation, nursing, feeding, huddling)
- 76Describe Indirect Parental InvestmentBehaviors that affect offspring survival, but not immediately (such as protection, defending/maintaining resources like nest site, food sources, and predator defense)
- 77How are parental investments viewed from the perspective of the parents?The parents view investments as costs
- 78Describe the Optimal Parental InvestmentMaximize individual's adult LIFETIME reproductive success and not necessarily each offspring or reproductive event
- 79Describe Maternal InvestmentAny investment by mother that increases the survival of offspring while decreasing the ability of the mother to invest in other offspring (including mother's own survival)
- 80How are maternal investments viewed from the mother's perspective?Investments are seen as costs from the mother's perspective
- 81Describe Optimal Maternal InvestmentMaximize mother's LIFETIME reproductive success & not necessarily each offspring or reproductive event
- 82What are forms of maternal care?Prior to Parturition
At Parturition
Post Partum - 83Describe Prior to ParturitionNesting, gestation, brooding
- 84Describe At ParturitionLabor, Licking
- 85Give examples of Post-Partum Maternal CareLactation, protection, provision
- 86Give an example of how Maternal Care is costlyFemale dungs beetles who maximize the survival of her offspring by making larger brood masses produce larger offspring
- 87When does the Parent-Offspring conflict typically occur?During Termination of Maternal Care (when the mother needs to stop caring for her young)
- 88Define ParasiteAn organism that lives in or on its host and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense
- 89Define OffspringAn organism that lives with its parents and benefits by deriving care at the parent's expense
- 90True or False: Offspring make the perfect parasite.True!
- 91Describe Optimal Maternal InvestmentMaximize mother's LIFETIME reproductive success & not necessarily each offspring or reproductive event
- 92Why does a mother need to terminate maternal care?A mother needs to terminate maternal care in order to maximize her lifetime reproductive success. The mother needs to live & be healthy & strong enough to invest in future offspring. So she must terminate maternal care because she can't give everything to her current offspring.
- 93What are the steps in the weaning process?Take away milk & Separate offspring from mother
- 94Define Social OrganizationHow we define groupings of animals that cooperate
- 95List the costs of being socialIncreased competition for food mates, nest sites, resources, Increased parasite & disease exposure, Increase conspicuousness, Increased opportunities for nest parasitism
- 96List the benefits of being socialDecreased vulnerability to predation more eyes to detect predators, more animals to defend against predators (dilution/flooding), Increased access to different food (bigger prey, clumped, seasonal sources), Increased defense against other competitors, Increased offspring care, Thermoregulation
- 97Describe Social ToleranceAnimals that have a common goal tolerate each other's presence. There are species & individual differences for how much they will tolerate. The amount of tolerance is affected by the environment & internal state of the animals.
- 98Give an example of social toleranceZebras & wildebeest migrating together: they are tolerating each other because they both have a common goal.
- 99What factors are involved in Cooperation?Social Tolerance
Individual Recognition
Fairly Strong Bonds
Competition - 100Describe Social OrganizationRelies on dominance behavior, there are different types of social organizations such as dominance hierarchies & territoriality
- 101What are the types of Dominance Hierarchies?Despotic
Linear - 102What are characteristics of hierarchies (in general)?Hierarchies apply to the group & are maintained by individuals
- 103Describe Despotic HierarchyOnly 1 individual is dominant over all others in all situations; no rank differences among the rest;usually observed when highly territorial individuals are found in high density situations
- 104Give an example of animals with a Despotic HierarchyMice
- 105Describe Linear HierarchyThere is one dominant individual; rank differences among the rest; observed in smaller groups, tend to be most stable; variations on strict linear hierarchies also exist
- 106Give an example of animals that have a linear hierarchyWolves
- 107What is "Signaling Out of Context"?When a young animal exaggerates it's needs; sometimes animals benefit by being dishonest
- 108Give an example of an animal "signaling out of context"A young animal complaining to its mother that it needs more nourishment than it actually needs
- 109What are consequences in early weaning of piglets?Increased Stress; Abnormal behavior such as ear sucking
- 110What are the benefits for piglets in the farrowing system?Piglets don't get squashed; mom can't leave, so piglets get to eat more
- 111What are characteristics of Dominance Hierarchies?All rely on stability
May be complete or partial
May be unisexual or heterosexual - 112Why is stability necessary for dominance hierarchies?Stability is important for maintaining a hierarchy; Disruptions in the stability of a hierarchy cause physical & psychological stress
- 113What are the pre-requisites for stability within a dominance hierarchy?Individual Recognition, Requires means for reinforcing relationships (such as using displays or aggression to reinforce relationships or social standings of individuals), Integrity of group composition (adding or returning individuals is worse than removing them)
- 114Describe how a dominance hierarchy can be completeComplete (Unidirectional) means that 1 individual is clearly dominant of another
- 115What are the benefits of having a complete dominance hierarchy?Dominance hierarchies that are complete tend to be more stable.
- 116What kind of animals are usually found in complete dominance hierarchies?Complete dominance hierarchies are commonly seen among sexually mature animals
- 117Describe how a dominance hierarchy can be partialPartial (bidirectional): A dominance hierarchy where it is not always clear that 1 individual is dominant because less dominant individuals are more likely to challenge the more dominant individuals.
- 118What are characteristics of Partial Dominance Hierarchies?Partial Dominance Hierarchies are less stable & seen more commonly among younger animals
- 119How do animals form dominance hierarchies based on gender?Usually, in sexually dimorphic social groups, sexes can sort themselves out according to different hierarchies
- 120Give an example of a species of animal that forms dominance hierarchies based upon genderBulls & cows
- 121Define Personal Spacethe area surrounding an individual which, if encroached upon by another individual, results in an agonistic response by the former
- 122What is an agonistic response?aggression or avoidance
- 123What is personal space dependent upon?time of day
environmental conditions
internal states - 124What are responses to encroachment?Affiliative, which promotes group cohesion & Agonistic, which is expressed due to conflict
- 125Give an example of animals that respond affiliatively to encroachmentMonkeys often respond affiliatively to encroachment because they perform mutually grooming, etc.
- 126Describe hwo a subordinate animal will response agonistically to encroachment if relative inter-individual distance is big.The subordinate will react with neutral avoidance by avoiding eye contact or with active avoidance by keeping the encroacher outside of personal space
- 127Describe how a dominant animal will respond agnostically to encroachment if relative inter-individual distance is big.The dominant animal will respond agonistically by using a threat display
- 128Describe agonistic responses to encroachment if relative inter-individual distance is small.If relative inter-individual distance is small, then animals will respond by using offensive or defensive behavior
- 129What is communication?The provision of a signal (typically containing information) from one individual (the sender) to another individual (the receiver), which can be used to make a decision
- 130What are signals selected for?Signals are selected to elicit a beneficial response
- 131Give some examples of communication signalscoloration, sound, movement, scent
- 132Define Signala packet of energy/matter generated by one individual (the sender) which is naturally selected for it's effects in altering the receiver's behavior, which typically conveys information which the receiver uses to make a decision
- 133What is the purpose of communication?To influence the receiver.
- 134What dos the sender want from the receiver?The sender wants the receiver to respond in a way that is beneficial to the sender.
- 135In communication, what kind of receivers does natural selection favor?Natural selection favors the survival of receivers that use the information provided by the sender to make good decisions
- 136What does transmission through the environment affect?Signal Fidelity
- 137What is Signal Fidelity affected by?Transmission of a signal through the environment
- 138What type of environment best enables an animal's signal to propagate?Signals used by an animal will propagate through the environment best if the animal is in the environment in which is adapted for (or in which the animal is normally found)
- 139What are characteristics of signals?Signals are often exaggerated or ritualized
- 140Give an example of a signal that is exaggerated or ritualized.Male wolf spider's movements during courtship are both exaggerated and ritualized
- 141How do researchers determine the function of signals?By interpreting the receiver response
- 142True or False: Signals are selected to convey information.False, Signals are selected to elicit a beneficial response.
- 143If signals are not selected to convey information, what are they selected to do?Elicit a beneficial response
- 144What kind of signals are evolutionarily favored?informative signals
- 145What kind of signals are receivers naturally selected to respond to?Informative Signals
- 146What happens to senders that send useless signals?Those senders will not elicit beneficial responses from receivers & natural selection will not favor their survival. So those senders will die & the useless signal that that sender send will not longer be used. Only useful/informative signals are evolutionarily favored.
- 147Define CueAn action or trait from which a receiver may acquire information & make a decision, but it has not been selected to alter the behavior of receivers
- 148Give an example of a cuethe noise a mouse makes when foraging. An owl will use that noise (or cue) to locate the mouse & kill him
- 149Define EavesdroppingThe exploitation of a cue by a receiver
- 150Is eavesdropping considered communication?No, because there is not a signal being sent
- 151When discussing communication, which is important: intention or natural selection?Natural Selection; Intention is irrelevant
- 152What is True Communication?the exchange of a signal between a sender and receiver that benefits both parties
- 153What is the goal of the sender in True Communication?To produce a signal to increase the chance that the receiver will choose an action that is beneficial to the sender
- 154What is the goal of the receiver in True Communication?To increase its chance of choosing an action that will benefit itself
- 155Are animals being altruistic in True Communication?No, animals benefit because both parties have common interests or have reached a stalemate
- 156Define Manipulation/DeceitWhen an individual (sender) sends dishonest or deceptive signals that benefit the sender, but lead the receive to respond sub-optimally (against their own interests)
- 157Give an example of an animal using Manipulation/DeceitAn Angler Fish or Baby Cuckoo & Adult Warbler
- 158In Manipulation/Deceit, do receivers always fall for the sender's signals?No, receivers are expected to evolve resistance or the ability to detect cheats
- 159Is Manipulation/Deceit considered to be Communication?Yes, it is a type of communication, but not True Communication
- 160Is Manipulation/Deceit considered True Communication?No, because it is not mutually beneficial
- 161Define RitualizationThe process of signal evolution from a cue
- 162Describe evolution of a cue into a signalBegin with a cue & if the sender benefits from the receiver's response to the cue, the cue will be modified into a true signal via the process of ritualization
- 163What does Ritualization include?At least one of the following: Simplification, Exaggeration, Repetition, Stereotypy, Emancipation from original context
- 164Give an example of a cue evolving into a signal via the process of ritualizationA male wolf spider scurries around & a female wolf spider is attracted to the male's rapid foot movements. The male benefits from the female's response & begins to modify the cue into a true signal via the process of ritualization
- 165Which of the following represents Communication: True Communication Eavesdropping Deceit/Manipulation Spite/IgnoringTrue Communication & Deceit/Manipulation because a signal is being sent
- 166What do animals send to one another?Sender Identity
- 167List the levels at which identity can be identified?Species ID
Group ID
Individual ID
Location of Sender - 168How do animals communicate Species ID?Animals use signals to identify conspecifics for purposes such as mating, flocking, or other social interactions
- 169How do animals communicate Group ID?Animals within a social unit share one or more variants of a given signal type.
- 170What are the types of social unit that communicate Group ID?members of the same sex, age group, mated pair, family group, foraging group, night roosting group, etc.
- 171Give an example of a species of animals that uses signals to identify Group IDKiller whales: Different pods have different signals
- 172How do animals communicate Individual ID?By sending signals such as locational cues
- 173Why do animals use signals to communicate Individual ID?To facilitate parent-offspring recognition
- 174How do animals communicate Location of Sender?They adjust signal properties to make location of signal source obvious or difficult to determine
- 175Why do animals use signals to determine location of senders?Because few animals can indicate their location semantically (like humans do)
- 176Give an example of signals that make location easy to detectStaccato broadband sounds are easier to detect
- 177Give an example of signals that make location of sender difficult to determineSingle low or high frequency sounds with gentle onsets or offsets are more difficult to locate
- 178Is a parasite always a parasite or a host always a host?No. Sometimes they can switch back & forth, but most are either obligate parasites or obligate hosts.
- 179Give the term that describes exchanges of information in which the best decision is dependent upon the context of the situation in which the receiver and sender are in.Context-Dependent Exchanges
- 180Describe Context-Dependent ExchangesThe decision a receiver makes is dependent upon the circumstance or context that the animal is in. The kinds of decisions that are useful to senders are also context-dependent.
- 181List the 7 basic contexts in which signals are used by receivers to make decisions.1. Conflict
2. Territoriality
3. Mate Attraction
4. Parent Offspring Exchanges
5. Social Integration
6. Environmental Information
7. Auto Communication - 182Describe how animals use communication signals to resolve conflict.Animals rarely fight to the death, but more often exchange signals until they can determine without fighting who would win if they escalated.
- 183Describe the importance of communication and signals in regards to conflict.Communication and signals can be important in solving conflict between animals.
- 184When do animals usually engage in fighting?If they are equally matched, then the conflict will have to be settled through fighting.
- 185Give an example of animals communicating conflict.Stalk-eyed flies compare the length of each other's eyes. If one is bigger than that individual is more dominant. If they are the same length then they fight to determine who is more dominant.
- 186Describe how animals use communication and signals to determine territoriality.Animals use signals to communicate where one animal's territory is. They maintain their territories by announcing their continued presence with signals.
- 187Is fighting or conflict ever involved during disputes over territoriality?Yes, but it is minimized by the use of communication.
- 188Give an example of animals using signals to communicate their continued presence in order to maintain territoriality.Capybara uses glands near eyes to mark territory. Birds fly around their territory singing songs. Insects use vocalizations.
- 189Do animals use signals and communication to aid in mate attraction?Yes! Usually males have to persuade females to mate & females assess the males to choose the best mate. This involves signals.
- 190Give an example of an animal using signals to aid in mate attraction.A peacock uses colorful visual displays to attract a mate.
- 191Why do animals use signals to communicate in Parent-Offspring exchanges?Parents adjust care & food depending on the number of offspring & relative need, whereas offspring usually want more for themselves; signals help mediate this conflict.
- 192Describe the conflict that occurs between parent and offspring from both the parental perspective & the offspring perspective.Parents adjust the amount of food depending on the number of offspring & the needs of the offspring. From the parent perspective, they are trying to allocate the food so that all the offspring survive. From the offspring perspective, they want to survive & want as much food as they can get. In this way, the parent & the offspring have conflicting goals.
- 193What is it called when animals use signals to maintain the benefits of staying in a group?Social Integration
- 194Describe why animals use signals for Social Integration.Signals are used to aid in coordinating the activities within a social group. The main benefit of staying in a group is this activity coordination. To maintain these benefits a group must stay together. Signals are used to keep the group together during these activities.
- 195Give an example of a signal being used to keep a social group together.Golden Lion Tamirins use contact calls while foraging to maintain contact with individuals in the group. There are also separation calls for when an individual gets separated from the group. Movement initiation calls are used before a group leaves to inform everyone that the group is about to leave so no one gets left behind.
- 196Why would an animals use signals to communicate environmental information?Communicating environmental information is important for many reasons including for announcing food finds or alarm signals to alert others to predator risks.
- 197Give an example of animals communicating environmental information to each other.Honeybees use a waggle dance to communicate food finds & direction of food. Marmots send alarm calls to communicate danger.
- 198Describe Auto Communication and why an animal will use it.Auto Communication is when the differences between outgoing and returning signals is used to provide information about the environment. Animals use this to become more aware of their environment.
- 199Give an example of animals using Auto Communication.Bats & toothed whales use sonar. Electric fish use electrical signals.
- 200Describe the process of signal use in Auto Communication.The animal produces a signal and listens to the signal when it returns to gather information about its surroundings.
- 201What impacts the form that signals take?Sensory physiology & signal production mechanisms
- 202What do you consider when looking at Sender Mechanisms?You look at the sender & what it is about the sender that determines the type of signals they produce.
- 203What do you consider when looking at Receiver Mechanisms?What it is about the receiver that makes the sender determine the best signal to get a response from the receiver.
- 204True or False: Not all senders could (or should) make all signals.True!
- 205Why can't all senders make all signals?There are constraints in opportunity in the mechanism of signal production. These constraints affect the forms that signals take.
- 206What is the overarching principle when considering Sender & Receiver Mechanisms?Natural Selection
- 207Describe how signals reflect evolutionary history & contsraints.Signals reflect evolutionary history & constraints because Natural Selection works with the raw material available. For example, mutations come about & if they are beneficial, they spread throughout the population.
- 208What do signals evolve from?Cues
- 209Do animals create new signals? Why or why not?No, they elaborate cues into signals.
- 210Give an example of an animal elaborating a cue into a signal to communicate.Intention Movements: When an animal produces an aggressive signal (such as 'stay away from me') it produces the signal that is the 1st stage of an attack. So Intention Movements are movements made to communicate intentions. The animal has modified the cue (behavior of 1st stage of attack) into a signal to communicate with another animal.
- 211Give another example (other than Intention Movements) of an animals elaborating a cue into a signal to communicate.Young baboons will modify Mating Intentions into signals. For example, when a young baboon is being instigated by an adult male, the juvenile will assume the position that a female does when she is ready to mate. By doing this, the juvenile is able to stop the adult from being aggressive. The animal has modified a cue (mating intention behavior) into a signal to communicate.
- 212Name one other way that forms forms of signals can be affected?Signals are limited by the laws of physics
- 213Give an example of how possible signals are limited by the laws of physics?Body size & vocal chord size limit the amplitude (loudness) of the sounds produced
- 214How do animals use tricks to produce signals that are not limited by the laws of physics?Animals use tricks like large resonators to make very loud sounds, but these tricks have limits. Large resonators limit the signals that the animals can make to very simple sounds.
- 215Give an example of an animal using a resonator to produce signals & explain the limits of that resonator.Howler monkeys use large resonators to produce loud sounds, but the resonator limits them to only being able to produce simple sounds.
- 216What else limits the forms that signals take?The environment
- 217How does the environment limit signal form?Signals must travel from the sender to the receiver by propagating through the environment. Propagation varies by habitat.
- 218How does Natural Selection govern signal propagation?Natural Selection favors signals that are well-matched (propagate well) in the habitats in which they are used.
- 219Give an example of an animal that uses a signal well-matched for the environment.A bird jumps up in tall grass in order to stand out and attract mates. This signal is visual and visually propagates through the environment well.
- 220True or False: You see a match between the type of signals an animal uses and the effectiveness in propagating that signal through the environment.True!
- 221What do senders consider when looking at Receiver Mechanisms?Senders consider which type of signal is most effective in stimulating the sensory & perceptual system of the receiver.
- 222What is the function of a signal? & how does a signal elicit a response from a receiver?The function of a signal is to elicit a response from the receiver. In order to do this, a signal must match with the sensory & perceptual system of the receiver.
- 223What does Umwelt mean?Means Sensory World.
- 224What is the concept of Umwelt?The concept that each animal has a sensory world. In order to understand what the animal sees, hears, and smells, you have to try to get inside the Umwelt of that animal.
- 225What determines an animal's Umwelt?the physiology of the sensory organs & the brain (which is affected by the environment)
- 226Give an example of senders communicating signals that match the Umwelt of the receiver.Birds will modify the tune of the signal they send depending on the sensory sensitivity (Umwelt) of the receiver.
- 227How do animals maintain honesty when communicating? How do animals detect liars?There are costs or restraints imposed on senders to guarantee honesty. This cost is different for each context.
- 228List the types of honest signalingQuality Handicap Signals
Index Signals
Proximity Signals
Costly Conventional Signals - 229Describe the concept of Quality Handicap SignalsSignals need cost to maintain honesty, so animals pay fitness costs for their ornaments (the animals use up some of what they are advertising)
- 230Give an example of an animal using a Quality Handicap SignalWidowbirds have a long tail. Although this long tail is useful in attracting mates, it also attracts predators.
- 231Describe the concept of Index SignalingIndex Signals keep signals honest because these type of signals are limited by the environment, phylogenetic history of the animal & physics. These limits prevent cheating.
- 232Are Index Signals always costly to senders? How do they prevent cheating?No, they aren't always costly to signalers. They prevent cheating because overcoming the constraints would require costs too large to bear.
- 233Give an example of animals using Index Signals.Tigers scratch trees to mark their territory. The height of those scratch marks tell the size of the cat. The height is limited by the cat's size, so it can't cheat.
Deer have elaborate facial markings that make it obvious when a predator has been seen. The deer can't fake this signal because the animal has to see the predator in order to display that signal. - 234Describe Proximity SignalsThreat signals given in conflict contexts, where the cost that guarantees honesty is a close approach to the rival.
- 235How does animal ensure that its Proximity Signals are effective?The sender must approach close enough to risk attack & injury for the display to be effective.
- 236Give an example of animals using Proximity Signals to communicate.Great-Tailed Grackles use a 'bill up' threat display, which increases vulnerability. Cats use defensive threat signals, by protecting its most vulnerable body regions & placing weapons (claws/teeth) in a position to defend itself.
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- Focuses on Animal Sexual Behavior, Maternal Behavior, Social Behavior & Communication
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