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CHAPTER 6 NEW

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Quiz on CHAPTER 6 NEW, created by J P on 20/02/2018.
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Question 1

Question
A change in behavior or belief to accord with others is called
Answer
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Question 2

Question
Even though you really dislike wearing a dress, you decide to wear one to your cousin's wedding. This is an example of
Answer
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Question 3

Question
In Western individualistic societies, the word "conformity" carries
Answer
  • Z
  • a negative value judgment
  • a neutral value judgment
  • both positive and negative value judgments

Question 4

Question
Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request, while privately disagreeing is called
Answer
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Question 5

Question
When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us to do something, it is a form of
Answer
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Question 6

Question
If you clean your room only because your parents order you to, your behavior is a form of
Answer
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Question 7

Question
Acting in accord with a direct order is called
Answer
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Question 8

Question
After hearing a great deal about the benefits of soy products from your friends, you decide to drink soy milk instead of cow's milk. Your behavior is an example of
Answer
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Question 9

Question
Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is called
Answer
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Question 10

Question
_______ sometimes follows compliance
Answer
  • Obedience
  • Acceptance
  • Conformity
  • Reactance

Question 11

Question
After hearing so much about the dangers of smoking cigarettes from the media and seeing numbers of people quit the habit, Jacob finally realizes that smoking is dangerous and therefore he quits. His behavior is an example of
Answer
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Question 12

Question
A classmate across the room yawns and then several other students yawn, this is an example of
Answer
  • informational influence
  • psychological reactance
  • group cohesion
  • social contagion

Question 13

Question
In his classic study of _______, Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the distance a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room
Answer
  • obedience
  • group cohesiveness
  • norm formation
  • psychological reactance

Question 14

Question
Studies involving _______ most clearly demonstrate how social influence can take the form of acceptance
Answer
  • the judgments of the length of lines
  • the judgments of the autokinetic phenomenon
  • the shocking of innocent victims
  • personality factors

Question 15

Question
Milgram's studies explored _______; Asch's studies explored _______
Answer
  • obedience; conformity
  • conformity; norm formation
  • obedience; norm formation
  • conformity; obedience

Question 16

Question
Several restaurant managers complied with orders from a telephone caller, posing as a police officer, to strip search a customer or employee. This is an example of the power of _______ on compliance
Answer
  • group influence
  • personality factors
  • the closeness of the authority
  • the legitimacy of authority

Question 17

Question
The copycat suicide phenomenon is most likely to occur
Answer
  • in older adults
  • two to three months later
  • in places where the suicide story is publicized
  • during the winter

Question 18

Question
A year after his original study, Sherif's participants were retested alone and gave answers that supported the original group's norm. This suggests that the process involved was really
Answer
  • reactance
  • compliance
  • obedience
  • acceptance

Question 19

Question
In the spring of 1954, Seattle residents were alarmed by widespread reports of damage by a mysterious windshield-pitting agent. According to the text, the true cause of public concern was most likely
Answer
  • fallout from recent Pacific testing of the H-bomb
  • mass suggestibility
  • psychological reactance
  • the autokinetic phenomenon

Question 20

Question
Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that participants in an experiment who worked alongside another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They called this
Answer
  • the chameleon effect
  • mood linkage
  • compliance
  • automatic processing

Question 21

Question
The spread of bodily complaints within a school or workplace with no organic basis for the symptoms is called
Answer
  • mass influence
  • social influence
  • mass delusion
  • mass hysteria

Question 22

Question
Sherif is to the study of _______ as Asch is to the study of _______
Answer
  • conformity; compliance
  • compliance; conformity
  • norm formation; obedience
  • norm formation; conformity

Question 23

Question
How did Asch's studies of conformity differ from those of Sherif?
Answer
  • Asch's participants faced a more ambiguous task
  • Sherif's participants were dealing with facts rather than opinions
  • Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment
  • Sherif's participants were in the physical presence of the pressuring group while Asch's participants were not

Question 24

Question
While control participants were correct about line-length judgments more than 99% of the time in Asch's conformity study, his naive participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of others ___ % of the time
Answer
  • 12
  • 37
  • 65
  • 87

Question 25

Question
According to the text, Asch's experiments lacked _______ but did possess _______
Answer
  • experimental realism; mundane realism
  • mundane realism; experimental realism
  • validity; reliability
  • reliability; validity

Question 26

Question
Asch's conformity experiments showed that most people
Answer
  • go along with others' decisions
  • conform even when wrong
  • tell the truth even when others do not
  • become confused when confronted

Question 27

Question
The results of both the Sherif and Asch studies are startling because their studies did not employ any
Answer
  • judgments about ambiguous stimuli
  • groups larger than four persons
  • experimental realism
  • open, obvious pressure to conform

Question 28

Question
The most famous and controversial experiments in social psychology were conducted by
Answer
  • Sherif
  • Milgram
  • Asch
  • Watson

Question 29

Question
The experimenter in Milgram's study used all EXCEPT which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue?
Answer
  • "It is absolutely essential that you continue."
  • "You will be penalized if you refuse to go on."
  • "You have no other choice, you must go on."
  • "The experiment requires that you continue."

Question 30

Question
When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit, they were given
Answer
  • shocks to keep them going
  • money as an incentive to keep going
  • up to four verbal prods to keep them going
  • a reward for being one of the few to disobey

Question 31

Question
When Milgram asked 100 psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment, the respondents said that they thought _______ would _______
Answer
  • they themselves; never begin to administer the shocks
  • they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts
  • other people; disobey by about 210 volts
  • other people; would go all the way to 450 volts

Question 32

Question
When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men, he found that over 60 percent of them
Answer
  • refused to deliver shocks beyond 150 volts
  • refused to deliver shocks past the 300-volt level
  • went clear to 450 volts
  • asked to be released from the experiment by 135 volts

Question 33

Question
In follow-up experiments to his initial study, Milgram made the learner's protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to answer. With this added condition,
Answer
  • the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands
  • teachers were more reluctant to deliver initial shocks
  • learners became more real and personal to the teacher
  • fewer participants went to 450 volts

Question 34

Question
A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that
Answer
  • none had been harmed
  • many were suspicious of all authorities
  • a minority of them had lowered self-esteem
  • most regretted having served in Milgram's study

Question 35

Question
In light of the Milgram studies, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determined obedience?
Answer
  • the victim's emotional distance
  • the victim's physical distance
  • the authority's closeness and legitimacy
  • whether or not the authority was institutionalized

Question 36

Question
In a variation of the Milgram study, the learner was in the same room as the teacher. Under these conditions, ___ % obeyed to 450 volts
Answer
  • 100
  • 80
  • 40
  • 20

Question 37

Question
In a variation of the Milgram study, teachers were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate. Under these conditions, ___ % obeyed
Answer
  • 100
  • 70
  • 30
  • 15

Question 38

Question
Consistent with what is known about depersonalization, Lydon and Dunkel-Schetter (1994) found that expectant women expressed more _______ to their pregnancies after seeing an ultrasound photo of the fetus
Answer
  • apathy
  • resentment
  • commitment
  • hostility

Question 39

Question
In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full obedience
Answer
  • dropped to zero
  • dropped to 21 percent
  • dropped to 50 percent
  • increased to 73 percent

Question 40

Question
In one variation of his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a confederate "clerk" (posing as a fellow participant) to assume command in the experimenter's absence. As a result of this manipulation,
Answer
  • most teachers agreed to comply with the orders of their fellow group member
  • the teachers competed with him and with each other for the role of leader
  • participants became more positive about their roles in this cohesive group, and some even became enthusiastic
  • 80% of the teachers refused to comply fully

Question 41

Question
In a study by Hofling and his colleagues (1966), 22 hospital nurses were telephoned by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious drug overdose. Results showed that
Answer
  • most would not act on the order unless the caller named a familiar physician as a reference
  • most nurses refused to comply unless given the order in writing
  • less experienced nurses complied but more experienced ones challenged the order
  • all but one proceeded to comply without delay

Question 42

Question
When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner _______ compared to the Yale rate
Answer
  • remained unchanged
  • decreased
  • increased slightly
  • increased significantly

Question 43

Question
A fad such as tattoos are an example of
Answer
  • norm formation
  • conformity
  • obedience
  • reactance

Question 44

Question
Interpreting events differently after hearing from others is what social psychologists call
Answer
  • norm formation
  • conformity
  • obedience
  • reactance

Question 45

Question
Doing as others do is what social psychologists call
Answer
  • norm formation
  • conformity
  • obedience
  • reactance

Question 46

Question
_______ occurs when soldiers or employees follow questionable orders, such as when nurses willingly follow a physician's order to give a patient a dangerously high dosage of medication
Answer
  • Norm formation
  • Conformity
  • Obedience
  • Acceptance

Question 47

Question
You decide to pierce your tongue after all your friends have. This is an example of
Answer
  • norm formation
  • conformity
  • obedience
  • reactance

Question 48

Question
Although you did not like it when you first saw it alone, you go to the same movie with a friend for a second time. After she raves about it, you decide that it wasn't so bad after all. Your interpreting events differently after hearing your friend's opinion is called
Answer
  • norm formation
  • conformity
  • obedience
  • reactance

Question 49

Question
As an example of the liberating effects of group influence, ___ % of the participants in a variation of Milgram's study conformed to the confederate's behavior when the confederates defied the experimenter
Answer
  • 90
  • 45
  • 20
  • 10

Question 50

Question
During the 1970s, the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority. The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners, then to observe torture, and then to eventually practice torture. This process demonstrates how _______ can breed _______
Answer
  • obedience; conformity
  • conformity; obedience
  • compliance; acceptance
  • acceptance; compliance

Question 51

Question
Normative influence leads to compliance, especially for those
Answer
  • in ambiguous situations
  • who are comfortable in their roles
  • who are seeking to climb a status ladder
  • who are in positions of authority

Question 52

Question
A concern for _______ produces normative influence, while a concern for _______ produces informational influence
Answer
  • social image; being correct
  • being correct; social image
  • being correct; gaining status
  • social roles; authority figures

Question 53

Question
If we were to conclude that Milgram's obedient participants were particularly hostile and aggressive people, we would be
Answer
  • making a correct inference
  • committing the fundamental attribution error
  • ignoring the power of behavior to shape attitudes
  • ignoring the strength of positive internal dispositions

Question 54

Question
Research on group size and conformity has shown that
Answer
  • as group size increases, conformity decreases
  • as group size increases, conformity increases
  • group size influences conformity in teenagers but not in adults
  • the conformity of females is more significantly influenced by group size than is the conformity of males

Question 55

Question
According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when it loses its
Answer
  • agenda
  • anonymity
  • unanimity
  • heterogeneity

Question 56

Question
The extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another, is called
Answer
  • conformity
  • cohesion
  • compliance
  • unanimity

Question 57

Question
The relationship between the degree to which a group is cohesive and the degree to which the group has power over its members is a _______ one
Answer
  • positive
  • negative
  • neutral
  • curvilinear

Question 58

Question
Group members who feel attracted to the group are more responsive to its influence. This fact illustrates the impact of _______ on conformity
Answer
  • unanimity
  • status
  • cohesiveness
  • co-morbidity

Question 59

Question
Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate _______ in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate
Answer
  • increases
  • decreases
  • stays the same
  • increases, then gradually decreases

Question 60

Question
Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate decreases in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate, especially if the non-jaywalker is well dressed. This is an example of the power of _______ on conformity
Answer
  • unanimity
  • status
  • cohesiveness
  • co-morbidity

Question 61

Question
In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must _______ than when they must _______
Answer
  • respond publicly; write down their responses in private
  • commit themselves in writing; announce their responses in public
  • think before acting; react spontaneously
  • explain their responses; keep silent

Question 62

Question
After President Bush announced his position regarding a possible war with Iraq, he was unlikely to change his mind. This most likely reflects the
Answer
  • we-they polarity between the political parties
  • fact that public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence
  • fact that the high status of the office elicits a need for uniqueness
  • fact that higher-status people are more susceptible to psychological reactance

Question 63

Question
In calling sports decisions, umpires and referees rarely change their decisions as a result of a player's objection. This may be an example of how
Answer
  • status produces psychological reactance
  • a we-they feeling has evolved between professional sports players and officials
  • the umpire or referee seeks to maintain emotional distance from players
  • public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence

Question 64

Question
Bearman and Brueckner (2001) found that teens who made a public virginity-until-marriage pledge became _______ likely to remain sexually abstinent than similar teens who do not make the pledge
Answer
  • somewhat less
  • somewhat more
  • extremely less
  • extremely more

Question 65

Question
Bearman and Brueckner (2001) found that teens who made a public virginity-until-marriage pledge became somewhat more likely to remain sexually abstinent than similar teens who do not make the pledge. This is an example of how
Answer
  • status produces psychological reactance
  • a we-they feeling has evolved between professional sports players and officials
  • the teen seeks to maintain emotional distance from would-be sexual partners
  • public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence

Question 66

Question
Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain their acceptance, is called
Answer
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Question 67

Question
Conformity that occurs when people accept evidence about reality that is provided by other people is called
Answer
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Question 68

Question
When we go along with the crowd and act counter to our own beliefs and values, we are conforming because of
Answer
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Question 69

Question
Although he made a promise to himself to not take illegal drugs, Tom gave into peer pressure at a party to smoke marijuana because he did not want to be rejected by the others. Tom's conformity is a result of
Answer
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Question 70

Question
Conformity is greater when people respond publicly before a group. This pattern reflects
Answer
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Question 71

Question
Conformity is greater when people feel incompetent. This pattern reflects
Answer
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Question 72

Question
Which of the following is NOT an example of informational influence?
Answer
  • when participants feel incompetent
  • when the task is difficult
  • when subjects are bilingual
  • when people care about being right

Question 73

Question
According to the text, personality predicts behavior when social influences are
Answer
  • obvious
  • covert
  • strong
  • weak

Question 74

Question
The degree to which personality predicts our behavior is _______ related to the degree to which social influences predict our behavior
Answer
  • positively
  • negatively
  • somewhat
  • not at all

Question 75

Question
Researchers have explored several areas in search of the factors affecting conformity. Which of the following is one of those areas?
Answer
  • religion
  • personality
  • sexual orientation
  • race

Question 76

Question
When the influence of the situation is _______, the consequent behavior is more likely to be a result of _______
Answer
  • weak; individual personalities
  • weak; external circumstances
  • strong; internal forces
  • strong; dispositions

Question 77

Question
Which of the following statements about cross-cultural research on conformity is true?
Answer
  • Findings using the Asch procedure have found similar conformity rates in most countries, except among the Bantu of Zimbabwe, a tribe with strong sanctions against nonconformity
  • When Milgram compared the conformity of French and Norwegian students, the French consistently conformed more
  • Recent conformity studies in Britain, Canada, and the United States have indicated much more conformity than was observed two or three decades ago
  • Conformity rates vary widely among European countries

Question 78

Question
Which of the following statements is TRUE of conformity and obedience?
Answer
  • They are primarily collectivistic phenomena
  • They are primarily individualistic phenomena
  • They are universal phenomena that vary by culture
  • They are universal phenomena that are uninfluenced by culture

Question 79

Question
Compared to people in individualistic countries, those in collectivist countries are
Answer
  • more likely to express psychological reactance
  • more responsive to others' influence
  • more susceptible to the fundamental attribution error
  • more likely to be independent

Question 80

Question
Compared to Euro-American cultures, Asian cultures are more likely to teach their children
Answer
  • independence
  • collectivism
  • to follow their own conscience
  • . to respect another's privacy

Question 81

Question
. A social role is
Answer
  • a cluster of norms
  • separate from culture
  • a weak influence on conformity
  • . a role that feels awkward

Question 82

Question
When Regina returned to the U.S. after two years in Madagascar, she felt uncomfortable and out of place. She was experiencing
Answer
  • normative social influence
  • reentry distress
  • psychological reactance
  • anti-conformity

Question 83

Question
High school students Aisha and Jared have been dating each other casually. When Aisha parents tell her to stop seeing Jared and ask her to go out with "nicer boys," Aisha announces that she and Jared are actually "in love" and have decided to go steady. Aisha's behavior most likely illustrates the effects of
Answer
  • the false uniqueness effect
  • the fundamental attribution error
  • the self-serving bias
  • psychological reactance

Question 84

Question
Knowing that someone is trying to coerce you may prompt you to do the opposite of that person's wishes. This response is predicted by
Answer
  • the reactance theory
  • the theory of normative social influence
  • Milgram's theory of obedience
  • the social norms theory

Question 85

Question
The high rate of underage drinking may be related to
Answer
  • social roles
  • psychological reactance
  • a drive for uniqueness
  • informational influences

Question 86

Question
The names we choose for our children often express our
Answer
  • social roles
  • desire for uniqueness
  • self concept
  • reaction formation

Question 87

Question
Ahmed generally likes to go home to visit his family during vacation. However, after his father tells him that he must be home during spring vacation, Ahmed decides to remain at college. Ahmed's behavior is best understood in terms of
Answer
  • reaction formation
  • regression
  • psychological reactance
  • self-serving bias

Question 88

Question
Research in both the United States and Canada revealed that the percentage of those who reported having been drunk in the last year was _______ for those over the legal drinking age than for those under the legal drinking age
Answer
  • slightly higher
  • lower
  • the same
  • significantly higher

Question 89

Question
Research in both the United States and Canada revealed that the percentage of those who reported having been drunk in the last year was lower for those over the legal drinking age than for those under the legal drinking age. This exemplifies which of the following concepts?
Answer
  • reaction formation
  • regression
  • psychological reactance
  • the self-serving bias

Question 90

Question
the self-serving bias
Answer
  • black
  • female
  • a lawyer
  • in a group

Question 91

Question
The motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is known as
Answer
  • rebellion
  • disobedience
  • resistance
  • reactance

Question 92

Question
The psychological reactance theory may help explain why
Answer
  • drinking on campus is heavier for underage drinkers than for legal-age drinkers.
  • a toddler, ignoring a toy, protests and demands the toy back when a playmate begins to play with it
  • the demand for and value placed on an object is greater when the object is perceived to be rare or hard to get
  • All of the choices are correct

Question 93

Question
In a study by Snyder (1980), students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to those of 10,000 other students _______ when they participated in a conformity experiment
Answer
  • were judged most attractive by their fellow participants
  • were more willing to obey the experimenter's request to make a public commitment to a popular cause
  • took on additional attitudes as well as the mannerisms of the majority
  • asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

Question 94

Question
A study conducted by Snyder and Fromkin (1980) revealed that people feel better when they see themselves as
Answer
  • very unique
  • moderately unique
  • not at all unique
  • collectivistic

Question 95

Question
When William McGuire and his Yale University colleagues invited children to "tell us about yourself," they found that the children were most likely to mention their gender
Answer
  • gender
  • nationality
  • distinctive attributes
  • most common personal characteristics

Question 96

Question
Rivalry between groups is often most intense when the groups
Answer
  • closely resemble each other
  • share a common goal
  • are very different
  • are of different ethnic groups

Question 97

Question
According to Myers, an unchallenged assumption in individualistic Western nations is that _______ is good and _______ is bad
Answer
  • uniqueness; similarity
  • similarity; uniqueness
  • individualism; conformity
  • conformity; individualism
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