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W9: Wakefulness and sleep test

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HPS775 (Week 09: Wakefulness and sleep) Quiz on W9: Wakefulness and sleep test, created by wadey on 11/10/2014.
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Quiz by wadey, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by wadey over 9 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last about a day
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 2

Question
The dominant zeitegeber for land animals is light.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 3

Question
Blind and deaf animals do not have circadian rhythms
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 4

Question
The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus, called the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 5

Question
Changes in EEG waves occur when neurons fire in synchrony
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 6

Question
Dreams only occur during REM sleep
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 7

Question
The regular use of tranquillisers can result in insomnia
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 8

Question
Narcolepsy is a condition characterised by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 9

Question
In general, animals that have the most total sleep also have the highest percentage of REM sleep
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 10

Question
The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 11

Question
If a migratory bird is kept in a laboratory room with constant temperature and 12 hours of light each day, when does it show migratory readiness?
Answer
  • At approximately the correct time of year for migration
  • At random intervals throughout the year
  • Steadily at all times
  • Never

Question 12

Question
Circadian cycles are to _____ as circannual cycles are to _____.
Answer
  • Mating; hibernating
  • Daily; yearly
  • Light-Dark; temperature
  • Endogenous; exogenous

Question 13

Question
Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?
Answer
  • Migration
  • Mating
  • Sleep
  • Storage of body fat

Question 14

Question
A human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest:
Answer
  • Mid to late afternoon
  • In the middle of the night
  • About the time of awakening
  • Mid-morning

Question 15

Question
Mammals have circadian rhythms:
Answer
  • For sleep and body temperature only
  • For a variety of activities, including sleep
  • Only for their sleep/activity cycle
  • Only for frequency of eating and drinking

Question 16

Question
What happens if people are put in an environment that is constantly light?
Answer
  • They complain that they have difficulty waking up
  • They follow a cycle closer to 28 hours than to 24 hours
  • It does not affect them in any way
  • They complain that they cannot sleep

Question 17

Question
An astronaut orbiting the dart experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45 minutes of darkness. What is likely to happen?
Answer
  • They are able to sleep during rest periods
  • They sleep poorly during rest periods
  • The alternating patterns allow for normal rhythm development
  • They are fully alert during wakeful periods

Question 18

Question
What happens if people live in an environment in which the cycle of light and dark is other than 24 hours?
Answer
  • They adjust better if the cycle is close to 24 (e.g., 25)
  • They fail to adjust at all
  • Within a few days, they adjust to waking and sleeping on the new schedule, whatever it is
  • They adjust better if the cycle is some multiple of 24 (e.g., 48)

Question 19

Question
Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to:
Answer
  • Have them eat a big meal before going to sleep
  • Allow them to catnap
  • Expose them to bright lights while they work
  • Keep the environmental temperature constant from night to day

Question 20

Question
The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the:
Answer
  • Lateral hypothalamus
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
  • Caudate nucleus

Question 21

Question
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the:
Answer
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Substantia nigra
  • Caudate nucleus

Question 22

Question
The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to:
Answer
  • Generate the circadian rhythm
  • Generate the circannual rhythm
  • Coordinate several biological clocks
  • Feed visual information to the biological clock

Question 23

Question
The input form the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from:
Answer
  • Cones and rods equally
  • Rods only
  • Cones only
  • Ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods

Question 24

Question
Slow-wave sleep is comprised of:
Answer
  • Stage 3 and 4
  • REM sleep
  • Alpha wave sleep
  • Stages 1 and 2

Question 25

Question
EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because:
Answer
  • Neurons are becoming more desynchronised
  • Blood flow is increasing
  • The EEG measures muscle tension, which also decreases
  • Neurons are becoming more synchronised

Question 26

Question
During REM sleep, the EEG shows:
Answer
  • Regular, low-voltage slow waves
  • Irregular, low voltage fast waves
  • Regular, high-voltage slow waves
  • Irregular, high-voltage slow waves

Question 27

Question
During sleep, what happens in the brain?
Answer
  • Decreased firing by dopamine neurons
  • Increased firing by GABA neurons
  • Cessation of spontaneous activity in neurons
  • Increased firing by dopamine neurons

Question 28

Question
What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?
Answer
  • Occipital illusions
  • Pseudo-psychedelic visions
  • Hypnagogic hallucinations
  • Idiopathic-hallucinations

Question 29

Question
Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to:
Answer
  • Insomnia
  • Periodic limb movement disorder
  • Sleep apnea
  • Narcolepsy

Question 30

Question
According to the evolutionary perspective of sleep, the primary function of sleep is to:
Answer
  • Restore body functions that were exhausted during wakefulness
  • Enable the person to re-experience, in dreams, the events of the past
  • Conserve energy
  • Promote brain development

Question 31

Question
Research suggests that _____ sleep is the most important for strengthening memories of motor skills
Answer
  • Deep
  • REM
  • Stage II
  • Stage I

Question 32

Question
During dreaming, which of the following area(s) continue to be highly active?
Answer
  • The areas of the prefrontal cortex that are key to working memory
  • The primary visual cortex and primary auditory cortex
  • The hypothalamus, amygdala, and other emotional areas
  • The primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus

Question 33

Question
A free-running rhythm is a rhythm that:
Answer
  • Occurs when specific stimuli reset or alter it
  • Occurs when stimuli do not alter it
  • Occurs when stimuli reset or alter it
  • Occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it

Question 34

Question
After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body:
Answer
  • Cannot generate biological rhythms
  • Still has rhythms in synchrony with environmental patterns of light and dark
  • Still has rhythms, but they are less consistent
  • Still has rhythms, but they can only be reset by artificial light

Question 35

Question
The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to:
Answer
  • Coordinate several biological clocks
  • Feed visual information to the biological clock
  • Generate the circadian rhythm
  • Generate circannual rhythms

Question 36

Question
The retinohypothalamic pathway receives input from the:
Answer
  • Retinal ganglion cells that respond directly to light
  • Occipital cortex
  • SCN
  • LGN

Question 37

Question
When do secretions of melatonin begin?
Answer
  • Just before a person wakes
  • When body temperature is at its lowest
  • When body temperature is at its highest
  • A couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep

Question 38

Question
Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?
Answer
  • NREM sleep
  • Nightmares
  • Relaxed wakefulness
  • Periods of great excitement

Question 39

Question
What are symptoms of paradoxical sleep?
Answer
  • Alpha waves
  • Stages 1 and 2
  • Stages 3 and 4
  • REM sleep

Question 40

Question
The _____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain
Answer
  • Reticular formation
  • Tectum
  • Tegmentum
  • Thalamus

Question 41

Question
In response to meaningful events, the locus coeruleus releases:
Answer
  • Norepinephrine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin

Question 42

Question
REM sleep is associated with:
Answer
  • Tension and activity of the postural muscles
  • PGO waves in the brain
  • A highly synchronised EEG pattern
  • Decreased heart rate

Question 43

Question
Sleep apnea is:
Answer
  • Involuntary movements of the arms and legs during sleep
  • Inability to breathe while sleeping
  • Tendency to fall asleep suddenly during the day
  • Same as sleep-talking

Question 44

Question
What is narcolepsy?
Answer
  • Sleepwalking
  • The inability to breathe while sleeping
  • Involuntary movements of the limbs while sleeping
  • Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

Question 45

Question
The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus called the:
Answer
  • a. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
  • b. Superior colliculus
  • c. Substantia nigra
  • d. Inferior colliculus

Question 46

Question
Which stage of sleep involves sleep spindles, K-complexes and bursts of 12-14 Hz waves
Answer
  • a. Stage 1
  • b. Stage 2
  • c. Stages 3 & 4
  • d. REM sleep

Question 47

Question
Which of the following are possible reasons for why we sleep FALSE?
Answer
  • a. To save energy
  • b. To improve memory
  • c. To make sense of the world
  • d. To help us predict the future
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