Quiz
Issues surrounding the diagnosis of schizophrenia
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Questions in this quiz (18)
1One of the big issues with diagnosing schizophrenia is that there are different diagnostic systems. What are the two different diagnostic systems used by America and England
- ADSM and ICD
- BMSM and ICD
- CDSM and ICT
- DMSM and ICT
2True or False: The DSM (used by America) has much broader diagnostic definitions which leads to a lot more people being diagnosed with Sz in America
- ATrue
- BFalse
3Research by [blank_start]Cooper[blank_end] showed that sz diagnosis was [blank_start]twice[blank_end] as likely in America using the [blank_start]DSM[blank_end] compared to England where they used the [blank_start]ICD[blank_end]. Cooper said it was [blank_start]highly unlikely[blank_end] that this difference was due to [blank_start]cultural factors[blank_end] but rather that it was due to the [blank_start]unreliability[blank_end] of having two [blank_start]different diagnostic systems[blank_end]. However this research was conducted in the [blank_start]70's[blank_end] and since then efforts have been made to [blank_start]bring[blank_end] the two different systems [blank_start]closer together[blank_end], making this [blank_start]less[blank_end] of an issue.
- ACooper
- BBrown
- CGottesmann
- DAyllon
- Etwice
- Fthree times
- Gmany times
- HDSM
- IMSM
- JDSS
- KDTS
- LICD
- MICT
- NISD
- OCRC
- Phighly unlikely
- Qvery likely
- Rprobable
- Sdefinitely
- Tcultural factors
- Usocial factors
- Vgenetic factors
- Wunreliability
- Xreliability
- Yfact
- Zdifferent diagnostic systems
- AAsimilar diagnostic systems
- ABcountries
- AChospital systems
- AD70's
- AE50's
- AF90's
- AG80's
- AH30's
- AIbring
- AJpush
- AKend
- ALcloser together
- AMfurther apart
- ANless
- AOmore
- APhalf
4What is low inter-rater reliability?
- AWhen the reliability between rates is low.
- BWhen there is little agreement between two or more raters.
- CWhen degree of agreement between two or more raters is high.
5True or False: Inter-rater reliability is not always high in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
- ATrue
- BFalse
6Doctors who are working from the same diagnostic system, when presented with the same individual and the same symptoms, should all reach the same diagnosis.
- ATrue
- BFalse
7Inter-rater Reliability Research
Research by [blank_start]Beck[blank_end] showed that there is a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of inter-rater reliability surrounding the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Two psychiatrists, working from the [blank_start]DSM[blank_end], were both presented with [blank_start]153[blank_end] patients and asked to diagnose them. [blank_start]Beck[blank_end] found their agreement rate on sz diagnosis was [blank_start]54[blank_end]%, and this percentage was even [blank_start]lower[blank_end] for the [blank_start]subcategories[blank_end].
This proves that inter-rater reliability for sz diagnosis is [blank_start]low[blank_end] considering, since they were working from the [blank_start]same[blank_end] diagnostic system, it should have been [blank_start]100[blank_end]%. Beck found that this [blank_start]lack[blank_end] of agreement came from [blank_start]broad[blank_end] and [blank_start]inadequate[blank_end] diagnostic [blank_start]descriptions[blank_end] in the [blank_start]DSM[blank_end] which left the diagnosis up to the psychiatrists [blank_start]interpretation[blank_end]. However this study was conducted in the [blank_start]70[blank_end]'s and since then the [blank_start]DSM[blank_end] has greatly [blank_start]improved[blank_end] its diagnostic [blank_start]definitions[blank_end] and a more recent study by [blank_start]Miller[blank_end] found a [blank_start]93[blank_end]% agreement rate, therefore this is now [blank_start]less[blank_end] of an issue.- ABeck
- Blow
- CDSM
- D153
- EBeck
- F54
- Glower
- Hsubcategories
- Ilow
- Jsame
- K100
- Llack
- Mbroad
- Ninadequate
- Odescriptions
- PDSM
- Qinterpretation
- R70
- SDSM
- Timproved
- Udefinitions
- VMiller
- W93
- Xless
8There is an issue surrounding the [blank_start]validity[blank_end] of the [blank_start]classification[blank_end] and [blank_start]diagnosis[blank_end] of schizophrenia due to the [blank_start]large[blank_end] amount of [blank_start]issues[blank_end] surrounding it, from [blank_start]lack[blank_end] of [blank_start]objective[blank_end] testing to potential [blank_start]bias[blank_end].
- Avalidity
- Bclassification
- Cdiagnosis
- Dlarge
- Eissues
- Flack
- Gobjective
- Hbias
9What did Rosenhan claim the psychiatrist at the hospitals could not do?
- ATell the 'sane from the insane'
- BTell their left from their right
- CTell the time
10What is the issue called surrounding the fact that there is not a single way to scientifically test for psychological disorders such as sz?
- ALack of Science
- BLack of Objective Testing
- CScientific inaccuracies
- DLoss of Lab
11A problem with the diagnosis of Sz, as it is a [blank_start]psychological[blank_end] disorder, is that the [blank_start]lack of objective[blank_end] testing means the diagnosis is left up to the psychiatrists [blank_start]interpretation[blank_end] of the patients description of their symptoms, which is a form of [blank_start]self report[blank_end]. This causes many issues as self report is notoriously [blank_start]unreliable[blank_end], the patient may [blank_start]lie[blank_end], [blank_start]forget[blank_end] or other wise [blank_start]inadequately describe[blank_end] their symptoms which can lead to a misdiagnosis.
An example of this can be found in [blank_start]Rosenhan[blank_end]'s study where the doctors wrongly diagnosed 7 out of 8 of the non-psychotic pseudo patients as schizophrenic, this was because the pseudo patients lied about their symptoms to the doctors which lead to the misdiagnosis.
Another piece of research supporting this was done by [blank_start]Falek[blank_end] and [blank_start]Moser[blank_end], they showed that the [blank_start]agreement rate[blank_end] between doctors diagnosing [blank_start]tonsillitis[blank_end] without use of laboratory and objective testing was just as [blank_start]low[blank_end] as the agreement rate for schizophrenia diagnosis. This further proves that lack of objective testing causes a large issue for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.- Apsychological
- Bbiological
- Clack of objective
- Dinterpretation
- Efeelings
- Fassumptions
- Gself report
- Hunreliable
- Ireliable
- Jlie
- Kforget
- Linadequately describe
- MRosenhan
- NAyllon
- OFalek
- PMoser
- QMoss
- Ragreement rate
- Stonsillitis
- Tappendicitis
- Ulow
- Vhigh
12What are the issues of Comorbity in the diagnosis of Sz?
- ASome symptoms overlap, for example avocation is found in both depression and sz
- BIndividuals can have more than one psychological disorder at the same time
- CDiagnosis lacks depth
13Which of these is an issue with Comorbidity in the diagnosis of Sz?
- AAs symptoms can overlap the patient may be misdiagnosed and receive the wrong treatment which could exacerbate their condition.
- BThe patient may be lying about symptoms.
- CThere is a low level of agreement between doctors on the diagnosis of Sz
14What can happen once an individual is labeled as schizophrenic?
- AIt can lead to discrimination and prejudice
- BSelf-fulfilling prophecy
- CThey are packaged
- DThey will change their symptoms
15True or False: Rosenhan supported labelling
- ATrue
- BFalse
16Labelling Studies
A study by [blank_start]Scheff[blank_end] showed that once people were given a [blank_start]label[blank_end], such as 'schizophrenic', they began to act [blank_start]according[blank_end] to their label and their [blank_start]perception[blank_end] of the disorder. He said that labelling was a [blank_start]self- fulfilling prophecy[blank_end], they become their label.
In his study [blank_start]Rosenhan[blank_end] found after the [blank_start]pseudo[blank_end] patients were assigned the [blank_start]label[blank_end] of 'schizophrenic and admitted to the hospital the hospital staff saw and interpreted pseudo patients [blank_start]behaviour[blank_end] as a [blank_start]characteristic[blank_end] of sz, even though they were behaving [blank_start]normally[blank_end] would. For example, one of the pseudo patients kept a diary and a nurse described the act of keeping a diary as '[blank_start]writing behaviour[blank_end]' which is a completely made up term that would not be recognised [blank_start]outside[blank_end] of the [blank_start]hospital[blank_end] environment. This proves that labelling someone as 'schizophrenic' creates an issue because all of their behaviour is then viewed and interpreted in relation to that label which can lead to ordinary behaviour being [blank_start]wrongly[blank_end] interpreted, as in [blank_start]Rosenhan[blank_end]'s study.- AScheff
- Blabel
- Caccording
- Dperception
- Eself- fulfilling prophecy
- FRosenhan
- Gpseudo
- Hbehaviour
- Icharacteristic
- Jlabel
- Knormally
- Lwriting behaviour
- Moutside
- Nhospital
- Owrongly
- PRosenhan
17The psychiatrists _______ could reduce the reliability and validity of their sz diagnosis.
- ABias
- BDegree
- CEnviroment
18A study by [blank_start]Keith[blank_end] found that there was a social economical [blank_start]bias[blank_end] in the diagnosis of Sz as a [blank_start]larger[blank_end] amount of people from a [blank_start]lower[blank_end] social economical background are diagnosed with Sz. He found [blank_start]1.9[blank_end]% of woking class individuals were diagnosed with sz, compared to the [blank_start]0.9[blank_end]% of middle and [blank_start]0.4[blank_end]% of upper class people. Keith claims it is unlikely that this difference is caused by [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] factors and is due to the [blank_start]social bias[blank_end] of the doctor or psychiatrist. Furthermore [blank_start]2.1[blank_end]% of African Americans are diagnosed with sz compared to [blank_start]1.4[blank_end]% of white Americans, which suggests an ethical bias.
- AKeith
- BConrad
- CKevin
- Dbias
- Edifference
- Fchange
- Glarger
- Hsmaller
- Ilower
- Jhigher
- Kbetter
- L1.9
- M0.19
- N1.4
- O1.6
- P0.9
- Q0.4
- R0.8
- S1.9
- T0.4
- U0.02
- V0.2
- W0.3
- Xenvironmental
- Ybiological
- Zsocial bias
- AAincompetence
- ABfailing
- AC2.1
- AD21
- AE1.2
- AF1.4
- AG1.9
- AH0.4
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- Quiz of the issues surrounding the diagnosis of schizophrenia - A level, AQA exam specification
- Author
- Anna K
- Language
- English
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