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Self & Identity

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social saved (Finished ) Quiz on Self & Identity, created by murat sertay on 15/08/2016.
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Question 1

Question
Which of the following argued that there is nothing beyond us other than our physical selves? As in, there is only the physical us and nothing more. This is known as the bundle theory.
Answer
  • Hume
  • Reid
  • Locke
  • Shaftesbury
  • James
  • McDougall
  • Watson

Question 2

Question
Which of the following argued that we perceive ourselves through others? As in, the conceptualisation of ourselves comes from what we think others see us as, and not from our own selves. This is known as the ego theory.
Answer
  • Cooley
  • Hume
  • Reid
  • Locke
  • Shaftesbury

Question 3

Question
"[blank_start]Self-schemata[blank_end] are cognitive generalisations about the self, derived from past experience, that organise and guide the processing of self-related information contained in an individual's experience." (Markus, 1977)
Answer
  • Self-schemata
  • Cognitions
  • Attributions
  • Ideologies
  • Social representations

Question 4

Question
Which of the following best describes this theory: "... is the idea that our ideas and self-representations are fluid and open to changing at any given time, and are adaptable to certain social contexts. They can become active or salient at any time during interactions.
Answer
  • Dynamic self-concept
  • Covariation model
  • Configuration model
  • Rational choice theory
  • Internal attribution bias

Question 5

Question
Which of the following argued that there is another one of us, metaphysically, and are more than just physical elements?
Answer
  • Reid
  • Locke
  • Shaftesbury
  • Watson
  • Gergen
  • James

Question 6

Question
Schematic information is easier to process than aschematic information (Druian & Catrambone, 1986). True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 7

Question
What are the motivations that Dittmar, Long and Bond (2007) investigated when looking at consumer behaviour?
Answer
  • Identity and emotional
  • Rational and irrational
  • Internal and external
  • Happiness and sadness
  • Justified and unjustified

Question 8

Question
Which of the following best describes symbolic interactionism?
Answer
  • The meaning that people attribute to objects in social interaction
  • The meaning that people attribute to themselves in social interaction
  • The manifestation of self with semantic meaning in social interaction
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Question 9

Question
Who argued that the Dynamic Self-Concept is not diverse enough because it does not account for the different ways in which people perceive themselves?
Answer
  • Marks and Kitayama (1991)
  • Watts and Stenner (2013)
  • Wong and Goodwin (2009)
  • Duval and Wicklud (1972)
  • Sedikides and Green (2000)

Question 10

Question
One research suggested that an individual's inward focus leads to heightened self-awareness and discrepancies between themselves and evaluative standards. This often leads to a negative affective state. Who are they?
Answer
  • Duval and Wicklund (1972)
  • Sedikides and Green (2000)
  • Higgins (1987)
  • Markus and Kitayama (1991)
  • Watts and Stenner (2013)

Question 11

Question
A positive affective state will often have traits of an outward focus (expansive, explorative, and affiliative orientation with the outside world). However, a negative affective state will have an inward focus (avoidance orientation to the outside world). This is the correlation of affective state as a determiner of attentional focus. Who said this?
Answer
  • Duval and Wicklund (1972)
  • Sedikides and Green (2000)
  • Higgins (1987)
  • Onorato and Turner (2004)

Question 12

Question
Higgins (1987) suggested that actual-ought discrepancies lead to [blank_start]social anxiety[blank_end], whilst actual-ideal discrepancies lead to [blank_start]depression[blank_end].
Answer
  • social anxiety
  • self-schemata
  • internal attribution
  • avoidance
  • depression
  • physical illness
  • anorexia
  • bulimia
  • schizophrenia

Question 13

Question
One research suggested that a negative affective state leads to poor behavioural self-regulation (e.g. bad hygiene, unhealthy eating, loneliness), whilst a positive affective state leads to good behavioural self-regulation (e.g. good hygiene, healthy eating, positive outlook). Who said this?
Answer
  • Duval and Wicklund (1972)
  • Watts and Stenner (2013)
  • Baumeister (et al., 2005)
  • Higgins (1987)
  • Sedikides and Green (2000)

Question 14

Question
Brown (1973) found that factory workers would prefer a lower weekly salary if it ensured a positive differential (i.e. that the group had a higher salary) compared to another group of workers in the same factory. Brown argued that this is because of a desire to positively distinguish themselves from other groups. Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 15

Question
According to Drury and Reicher (1999), a person's social identity can change their behaviour, as well as social interactions with groups can change their social identities. Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 16

Question
According to Sampson (1988, 1993), there are three types of individualism. [blank_start]Self-contained individualism[blank_end] is a predominantly Western ideology that stresses separation from others, and near total independence. [blank_start]Ensembled individualism[blank_end] is a largely non-Western ideology about the individual that is interconnected with others (e.g. relationships, society) that cannot be readily separated from others. They are not mutually exclusive. The [blank_start]dialogic self[blank_end] suggests that the construction of an individual is within social dialogue with other individuals. Meanwhile, the [blank_start]relational self[blank_end] refers to the relation with others and is also interconnected in terms of both society and relationships.
Answer
  • Self-contained individualism
  • Self-referred individualism
  • Self-obtained individualism
  • Individualism
  • Ensembled individualism
  • Relational individualism
  • Discursive individualism
  • Attributional individualism
  • Covariant individualism
  • dialogic self
  • understood self
  • wider self
  • conversational self
  • covariant self
  • relational self
  • unrelational self
  • self-contained self
  • individual self
  • continental self

Question 17

Question
"Becuase we believe in self-contained individuals who think, feel, weigh evidence and values, and act accordingly, we also inherit a handy way of understanding bad action - weirdness, crime, harassment, bigotry and so on. "In all cases we are led to suspect a fault in the internal functioning of the individual. Individuals cause problems and individuals must be repaired - through therapy, education imprisonment, and so on." Who said this?
Answer
  • Gergen
  • Sampson
  • Smail
  • Prilleltensky
  • Locke
  • Shaftesbury

Question 18

Question
Which are the two identities that refer to how individuals have a solid, stable identity and one that is fluid and ever-changing depending on the interactions a person has?
Answer
  • Core and self-identity
  • Rational and irrational identity
  • Positive and negative identity
  • Self-contained and ensembled identity
  • None of the above

Question 19

Question
"Our social selves is partly predicated on how others see us in different social situations, and not totally dependent on us" Who said this?
Answer
  • Mead
  • Locke
  • Gergen
  • Tajfel
  • Smail

Question 20

Question
According to Tajfel (1979) and the Social Identity Theory, when part of a group of collective of individuals with similar backgrounds to ourselves, we develop a sense of belonging to a particular identity. We also exaggerate our own identity and status as well as others (e.g. "England is the best country to live in," "Italy is the worst"), which then forms in-groups, us and those like us, and out-groups, almost everyone else. We discriminate the out-group to enhance our own. This connects with discrimination (e.g. sexism, racism) and prejudice between cultures. Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 21

Question
"Inter-group" means...
Answer
  • Between two (or more) groups
  • Between members of one group
  • Neither

Question 22

Question
Sherif (1954, 1958, 1961) argued that intergroup hostility occurs when:
Answer
  • Attempting to establish the "best" social identity
  • Competing for limited resources
  • Trying to dissolve the other group
  • Exaggerating one's own in-group
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Question 23

Question
Internal attribution is when we assign:
Answer
  • The cause of behaviours to internal factors (within our, or that person's, control)
  • The cause of behaviours to external factors (not within our, or that person's, control)
  • The cause of behaviours to both internal and external factors
  • None of the above

Question 24

Question
External attribution is when we assign:
Answer
  • The cause of behaviour to internal characteristics (within our, or that person's, control)
  • The cause of behaviour to external factors (outside of, or that person's, control
  • The cause of behaviour to societal factors only
  • The cause of behaviour to our metaphysical self
  • None of the above

Question 25

Question
The Covariation Model (Kelley, 1967) explains how individuals assign particular actions or behaviours to either internal (a person's characteristics) or external (the environment) control. Low factors are predicated on internal attribution, and high on external. What are the three critiera that people use?
Answer
  • Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency
  • Consensus, discourse, consistency
  • Covariance, distinctiveness, consensus
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Question 26

Question
According to Kelley's (1967) Covariation Model, we fall on past experience and look for:
Answer
  • Multiple sufficient and necessary causes
  • Multiple rational and irrational causes
  • Multiple emotional and identical causes
  • Multiple individualistic and existential causes
  • None of the above

Question 27

Question
According to Kuhn and McPartland (1954) in the "Twenty Statements Test", which part of us is as socially defined as it is introspectively knowable?
Answer
  • Self
  • External self

Question 28

Question
According to Epstein (1973), a major function of self-theory is to do what to positive experiences?
Answer
  • Optimise them
  • Incentivise them
  • Dysregulate them

Question 29

Question
Self-schema refers to:
Answer
  • Issues and topics that are either relevant, or irrelevant to our self-schema
  • A collection of ideas that a person holds about themselves

Question 30

Question
Self-schema refers to:
Answer
  • A collection of ideas that a person holds about themselves
  • A collection of issues and topics that are relevant, or otherwise, to our self-schemas

Question 31

Question
Categorisation refers to:
Answer
  • How we think about people in terms of groups and categories
  • How we think about people in terms of their individual selves

Question 32

Question
We are ________ on dimensions that are important in defining who we are, and we are ________ in dimensions that are not important to who we are
Answer
  • Schematic and aschematic
  • Self-identified and non-identified

Question 33

Question
According to Markus and Sentis (1982, cited in Fiske & Taylor, 1991), would you be faster or slower to respond to self-descriptors if they were schematic (related) to you?
Answer
  • Yes, you would be
  • No, you would not be

Question 34

Question
According to Markus and Wurf (1987), do "people tend to judge others on dimensions that are personally important to themselves"? For example, a person who values financial security will judge others on how they handle their income.
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 35

Question
A working self-concept refers to:
Answer
  • Currently active or salient self-concepts that are selectively-based
  • A large pool of self-concepts that are either always active or salient

Question 36

Question
An affective state is:
Answer
  • A person's emotional state at a given time
  • A person's emotional state in the past or previously
  • A person's emotional state gearing towards the future

Question 37

Question
Synonymous with self-concept, _____-________ refers to the way in which an individual construes (or thinks about) themselves.
Answer
  • Self-construal
  • Self-constructivist
  • Self-thought

Question 38

Question
The more that a person adopts an interdependent view of self, do they more or less the view themselves in relation to others?
Answer
  • They view themselves more in relation to others
  • They view themselves less in relation to others

Question 39

Question
The more that a person adopts an independent view of self, do they more or less view themselves to be internally attributed?
Answer
  • More internally attributed
  • Less internally attributed

Question 40

Question
According to Markus and Kitayama (1991), ________ ________ will differ depending on whether an independent or interdependent construal self is at work.
Answer
  • Affective state
  • Affective response
  • Affective decision

Question 41

Question
According to Vignoles, Chryssochoou, and Breakwell (2004), should we presume such homogenised understandings of self within any one culture?
Answer
  • Yes, we should
  • No, we should not

Question 42

Question
Onorato and Turner (2004) argued against the idea of a working self-concept. This is because they believe that self is not always thought about in personal terms. Instead, they believe in:
Answer
  • Fluid transitioning between personal and self-identities
  • Rigid and hierarchical structures of personal and self-identities

Question 43

Question
Social comparison refers to:
Answer
  • Comparisons made between one's self and others
  • Comparisons made between one's own internal attributions and their external attributions

Question 44

Question
According to Sedikides (1993), is asking oneself questions a good way to understand themselves?
Answer
  • Yes, it is
  • No, it's not

Question 45

Question
According to Tesser (1988) and the self-evaluation maintenance model, can we increase our self-esteem by observing others?
Answer
  • Yes, we can
  • No, we cannot

Question 46

Question
According to Tesser (1988), if we compare ourselves to others that are talented in the abilities we are sure about, this will:
Answer
  • Positively affect our self-esteem
  • Negatively affect our self-esteem

Question 47

Question
According to Tesser (1988), if we compare ourselves to others in abilities that are not important to us, this:
Answer
  • Will certainly affect our self-esteem
  • This will not affect our self-esteem

Question 48

Question
Can we counterbalance against possible negative effects of self-esteem? For example, by exaggerating the ability of a successful target, changing comparison, distancing ourselves, or devaluing them (Tesser, 1988)?
Answer
  • Yes, we can
  • No, we cannot

Question 49

Question
In response to the Tesser (1988) model, Stapel and Blanton (2004) argued that:
Answer
  • Not all comaprisons are conscious and deliberate
  • All comparisons are conscious and deliberate

Question 50

Question
Blanton and Stapel (2008) followed on from their work to evaluate the Tesser (1988) model. They found that:
Answer
  • It does not always require contrasting, but can also involve unconscious assimilation
  • It always requires contrasting, whether it is conscious or otherwise

Question 51

Question
Did Blanton and Stapel argue that our responses could be unconscious and spontaneous, rather than deliberate?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 52

Question
Self-regulation refers to:
Answer
  • The way in which we regulate ourselves
  • The way in which we regulate others

Question 53

Question
Wirtz (et al., 2006) developed on the Bauermeister (et al., 2005) study to suggest that those with hypertension have what type of self-regulation?
Answer
  • Higher self-regulation
  • Lower self-regulation

Question 54

Question
Bauermeister (et al., 2005) found that participants exposed to 'social exclusion' did what?
Answer
  • Did not consume "healthy, but bad-tasting beverages", ate more cookies, quit sooner on a frustrating task and performed less well on an attention-related task
  • Were better able to consume "healthy, but bad-tasting beverages", ate less cookies, had more resolve, and performed better on attention-related tasks

Question 55

Question
Does the Dittmar (et al., 2007) model suggest that materialistic value orientation can give rise to compulsive shopping?
Answer
  • Yes, it can
  • No, it cannot

Question 56

Question
According to the Dittmar, Long and Bond (2007) research, does the ownership and acquisition of materialistic goods help to achieve major life goals?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 57

Question
Ideal self refers to:
Answer
  • What people are right now when they are most content
  • What people want to be, ideally

Question 58

Question
Can individuals believe that by acquiring materialistic value for their ideal selves will help them improve their social image? Will it form a strong identity motivation?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 59

Question
Tajfel (1969) and the research into minimal groups looked at what?
Answer
  • How participants appeared to think of themselves - as well as act - in terms so group membership
  • How participants appeared to think of themselves outside of the individual they are

Question 60

Question
Social identity refers to:
Answer
  • Our sense of selves as being a member of groups
  • Our sense of selves as being a member of our individual selves

Question 61

Question
Across a series of experiments, Tajfel (1970) found that participants made choices that did or did not show concern about there being a difference between the groups?
Answer
  • Did make choices that differentiated the two groups
  • Did not make decisions that differentiated between the two groups

Question 62

Question
An ingroup is:
Answer
  • Where we belong
  • Where others belong

Question 63

Question
An outgroup is:
Answer
  • Where we belong
  • Where others belong

Question 64

Question
Is the theory by Turner (et al., 1987) more general or specific than the self-categorisation theory?
Answer
  • More general
  • More specific

Question 65

Question
According to Onorato and Turner (2004), can people switch from personal identities to social identities? For example, a person boarding a train may have an active personal identity. However, if that same train was then boarded by football supporters of a rival team, their social identity may replace their personal one instead.
Answer
  • Yes, they can
  • No, they cannot

Question 66

Question
According to Hinkle and Brown (1990), as well as support from Mummendey, Klink, and Brown (2001) in response to the social identity theory, are ingroup-outgroup attitudes in behaviours that influence comparisons relational?
Answer
  • Yes, they are context dependent
  • No, they remain constant

Question 67

Question
According to Baumeister (1987), has historical research on self become more recent or has it been around for a lot longer?
Answer
  • Recent
  • A lot longer

Question 68

Question
According to Gergen (2009) are our selves and identities more social than we might readily acknowledge?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 69

Question
According to Gergen (2009), does our philosophy of self shape the way in which we make sense of the other(s)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 70

Question
Individualist perspectives refer to:
Answer
  • The understanding of self individually
  • The understanding of self socially

Question 71

Question
According to Goffman (1959), the presentation of self in everyday life is:
Answer
  • Melancholic
  • Dramaturgical, theatrical, and staged

Question 72

Question
According to the elaborated social identity model (Drury & Reicher, 1999), can social identities change and become even more radicalised when in group or crowd situations against outgroups?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 73

Question
Membership category devices (MCDs) are:
Answer
  • What people use to do interactionally relevant work
  • What people use to define others

Question 74

Question
Interactionally relevant work refers to:
Answer
  • Things done by talk (eg, accounting, blaming, exonerating) that are relevant
  • Things not done by talk, that are unmotivated by conscious processes

Question 75

Question
An epistemic identity is:
Answer
  • An identity relevant to a knowledge state about a given target
  • An identity relevant to a knowledge state about one self

Question 76

Question
Adjacency pairs are:
Answer
  • Turns of talk that respond to one another (eg, "Do you have the time?" "Yes, it's half past three")
  • Turns of talk that go against responding to another person

Question 77

Question
According to Raymond and Heritage (2006), can our talk assert, or otherwise make relevant, our epistemically consequential identities?
Answer
  • Yes, they can
  • No, they cannot

Question 78

Question
According to Foucault (1978, 1985, 1986) suggested in his work, a subject is:
Answer
  • Not themselves, but tied to their own sense as well as subjected to others
  • Themselves and the captains of their own ships

Question 79

Question
Discursive formations are:
Answer
  • Cultural and historical constructions of our social world
  • Discursive formations of our reality

Question 80

Question
According to Sacks (1992), categories are:
Answer
  • Inevitable
  • Consequential

Question 81

Question
According to Sacks (1992), are formulations of talk relative to our moral implications and our identity?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 82

Question
Are different categories possible for a single person? For example, a female could also be a "mother", "cousin", "niece" or "wife".
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 83

Question
According to the consistency rule (Sacks, 1992), if a person is categorised by a certain MCD, then:
Answer
  • The same can be used to categorised for the next person
  • The same cannot be used for the next person

Question 84

Question
When is the consistency rule (Sacks, 1992) violated?
Answer
  • When someone is sarcastic
  • When someone does not respond

Question 85

Question
According to category-bound activities (CBAs), are certain activities bound to certain categories? Are these relative to the consistency rule where they can be violated?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 86

Question
According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), do labels of people ascribe certain identities?
Answer
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Question 87

Question
According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), do the various selves that we inhabit or occupy vary dependent on sociohistoric contexts?
Answer
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Question 88

Question
According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), are we influenced by moral codes (eg, moral codes are the ways in which individuals constitute​ themselves)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No
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