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Language Development

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developental saved (Finsihed) Quiz on Language Development, created by murat sertay on 15/08/2016.
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Question 1

Question
Can a foetus perceive their mother's voice before they are even born?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 2

Question
A study has shown that newborns show a preference for their ________ voice over others (DeCasper & Fifer, 1980)
Answer
  • Mother's
  • Father's
  • Stranger's

Question 3

Question
How long has it been shown for infants to show preferences for their father's voice (DeCasper & Prescott, 1984)?
Answer
  • Less than three days
  • About three days
  • More than three days

Question 4

Question
It has been shown that infants have a preference for "Cat in the Hat" over other phrases because of the specific speaker (the mother) and speech (Spence & DeCasper, 1982). Is this statement true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 5

Question
What are newborns learning when starting language development?
Answer
  • Intonation
  • Pitch
  • Speed
  • Transience
  • Vocabulary

Question 6

Question
How long does it take for infants to show perceptual narrowness in their native language (Kuhl, et al., 2005)?
Answer
  • 1-2 months
  • 2-4 months
  • 4-6 months
  • 6-8 months
  • 8-12 months

Question 7

Question
Is perceptual narrowing likely to be because of maturation?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 8

Question
Kuhl (et al., 2003) had infants, whose parents were English, exposed to English or Mandarin. Did the children retain more phonemic discrimination at 12 months' old with English or Mandarin?
Answer
  • English
  • Mandarin
  • Neither

Question 9

Question
At what point did the infants in Kuhl's (et al., 2003) study retain phonemic discrimination?
Answer
  • 2 months old
  • 6 months old
  • 12 months old
  • 24 months old

Question 10

Question
The two language stages that all children go through are the [blank_start]pre-language[blank_end] and [blank_start]early language[blank_end] phases.
Answer
  • pre-language
  • early language

Question 11

Question
How long is the pre-language phase for infants?
Answer
  • 0-2 months
  • 0-6 months
  • 0-12 months

Question 12

Question
How long is the early language phase for infants?
Answer
  • 12-18 months
  • 12-24 months
  • 12-30 months

Question 13

Question
In the pre-language phase for children, there is the ________ ________ phase, which last between 4-6 months.
Answer
  • Egocentric talk
  • Egocentric babble

Question 14

Question
In the pre-language phase for children, there is the ________ ________ ________, which last for 7-12 months.
Answer
  • Social babble phase
  • Social talk phase

Question 15

Question
Babbling is:
Answer
  • Talk between infants and adults
  • Talk infants do to themselves
  • Talk infants do to objects

Question 16

Question
Children babble ________ when adults talk to them (Bloom, 1988).
Answer
  • More
  • Less

Question 17

Question
It has been shown that deaf children growing up in a signing environment can also babble in sign. Is this statement true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 18

Question
In the beginning of the early language phase (10-12 months), an infant's first words are:
Answer
  • Nouns
  • Adjectives
  • Verbs

Question 19

Question
In a lot of cases during the early language phase (10-12 months), infants will mismatch ________. For example, they could over-extend to generalise an object that is similar to something else, or over-restrict and only use it for specific instances.
Answer
  • Meanings
  • Nouns
  • Verbs

Question 20

Question
What are the two most common object names for infants during the early language phase?
Answer
  • "Teddy" and "mummy"
  • "Car" and "daddy"
  • "Mummy" and "Daddy"

Question 21

Question
How long does it usually take for an infant to reach up to 30 words in their vocabulary?
Answer
  • 1-2 months
  • 2-3 months
  • 3-4 months

Question 22

Question
How many words does an 18-month infant typically know?
Answer
  • 10
  • 30
  • 50

Question 23

Question
By the time infants reach 18-22 months old, they have a vocabulary spurt and know up to ____ words.
Answer
  • 100
  • 200
  • 300

Question 24

Question
According to Landau (1994) the first few words of an infant are:
Answer
  • External
  • Internal

Question 25

Question
________-________ Interaction (Shipley, Kuhn & Madden, 1983) refers to when infants' words are made clear as to whether they are general or more specific. The words will either be corrected (eg, "No, this is a rabbit) or reaffirmed (eg, "Yes, this is a rabbit")
Answer
  • Object-Child
  • Parent-Child
  • Parent-Infant

Question 26

Question
________ ________ (Gleitman, 1990) believes that infants use grammar to infer word meanings. In other words, semantics are tied to syntax.
Answer
  • Syntactic bootstrapping
  • Semantic bootstrapping
  • Grammatical bootstrapping

Question 27

Question
In some cases with syntactic bootstrapping, distinctions can be made between verbs that take an object (transitive) and those that do not (intransitive). Is this statement true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 28

Question
At what stage do infants move from gesture-word combinations to whole-word combinations?
Answer
  • 6-12 months
  • 12-18 months
  • 18-24 months
  • 18-30 months

Question 29

Question
________ ________ omits non-essential linking words.
Answer
  • Telegraphic speech
  • Semantic speech
  • Orthographic speech

Question 30

Question
By what age are children masters at complex syntactic structures and grammatical rules?
Answer
  • A year old
  • 2 years old
  • 3 years old
  • 5 years old

Question 31

Question
________-________ speech is a productive way of improving an infant's vocabulary because of the slower rate of speech, higher intonation, and longer pauses. Keywords are emphasised with a higher and louder voice.
Answer
  • Infant-directed
  • Infant-parent
  • Infant-adult

Question 32

Question
________ refers to when parents socially-scaffold their children's language development by teaching them the cultural differences in their languages. This also has a positive effect on their development.
Answer
  • Mother tongue
  • Motherese
  • Mother scaffolding

Question 33

Question
Parents of deaf children don't use sign language, but rather lip-reading. This is known as:
Answer
  • Lip-signing
  • Homesign
  • Parent-infant signing

Question 34

Question
Language is specifically understood and developed by humans only. Is this statement true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 35

Question
At what point do children tend to start making more syntactic errors?
Answer
  • 1-2 years old
  • 2-3 years old
  • 3-4 years old
  • 4-5 years old

Question 36

Question
Some believe that the syntactic errors that children make as they grow older is evidence for an innate ________-________ system.
Answer
  • Grammar-learning
  • Syntax-learning
  • Orthography-learning

Question 37

Question
The theory of an underlying grammar-learning system attempting to find rules for all words has been disproved. This is because parents correct factual and grammatical errors in their children. Is this statement true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 38

Question
________, a behaviourist, believed that children learn language through a number of ways; imitation, trial-and-error, and rewards and punishment. He furthered his stance with the operant conditioning model (1957)
Answer
  • Skinner
  • Whorf
  • Chomsky
  • Piaget

Question 39

Question
________'s approach to language development was universalist and believed that there are grounded aspects of language that we are predisposed to. He believes that language and thought are separate, and furthers his stance with the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) (1965)
Answer
  • Chomsky
  • Whorf
  • Skinner
  • Piaget

Question 40

Question
________ posits that there are core features in all languages, however, children pick up the grammatical rules of their own languages dependent on where they are from. For example, syntactic planning will differ between English, Chinese, Arabic, and Serbian people.
Answer
  • Nativism
  • Behaviourism

Question 41

Question
(Tick the boxes that apply). The issue with the behaviourist approach to syntactic learning is that:
Answer
  • Children learn a lot more rapidly than it states
  • Children learn a lot more slowly than it states
  • Children say things that they have never heard before
  • Children don't say things that they have never heard of before
  • A lot of what children say in everyday interactions is actually grammatically correct
  • A lot of what children say in everyday interactions is not grammatically correct

Question 42

Question
The lateralisation of language, according to Chomsky, resides in which brain hemisphere?
Answer
  • Left
  • Right

Question 43

Question
Does lateralisation develop before or after birth?
Answer
  • Before
  • After

Question 44

Question
What happens if an individual were to suffer brain damage to their left hemisphere?
Answer
  • Their right hemisphere would take over language learning
  • They would not be able to learn language at all

Question 45

Question
When is the critical period for learning, according to Lennenberg (1967)?
Answer
  • Birth and 10 years old
  • Birth and puberty
  • Birth and adulthood

Question 46

Question
The effects of language deprivation in a child's development are:
Answer
  • Permanent and irreversible
  • Manageable and able to change

Question 47

Question
In 1970, a 13-year-old girl named Genie was discovered in Los Angeles (CA). She was severely malnourished and told not to speak or make any noise. Did she ever develop her grammatical competency?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 48

Question
Those with ASL are poorer with language when exposed to it late because of:
Answer
  • Reduced perceptive competency
  • Reduced brain lateralisation

Question 49

Question
Immigrants who try to learn the languages of their new countries are ________ to adapt, regardless of their educational level.
Answer
  • Unable (the older you get, the harder it becomes)
  • Able (it doesn't matter how old you are)

Question 50

Question
What is speech perception driven by?
Answer
  • Socially scaffolded experiences
  • Genetically scaffolded experiences
  • Other things

Question 51

Question
According to Vihman (1996), do children apply systematic strategies to challenging words so that they fit with what they can capably pronounce?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 52

Question
There are cultural variations in children's errors in languages. For example, Chinese children master their tone system by 2 years old (So & Dodd, 1995). Do Cantonese children develop more quickly than English-speaking children?
Answer
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Question 53

Question
Is the maturation of the vocal tract modifiable by socialisation (eg, parental development) or is it resistant to correction?
Answer
  • Socialisation
  • Resistant to correction

Question 54

Question
According to Tincoff and Jusczyk (1999), when 6-month olds listened to the words "mommy" and "daddy" whilst watching side-by-side videos, did they pay attention more to the named parent?
Answer
  • Yes, they did
  • No, they did not

Question 55

Question
According to Bloom (1998), by 6 years old children know how many words?
Answer
  • 2,000
  • 4,000
  • 6,000
  • 20,000

Question 56

Question
Does comprehension shape a child's language development?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 57

Question
In their first 50 words, do infants prefer still or moving objects?
Answer
  • Still objects
  • Moving objects

Question 58

Question
Does imitation help to stimulate vocabulary growth for infants?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 59

Question
Researchers have discovered that children can connect a new word with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter. This is called:
Answer
  • Spatial mapping
  • Word mapping
  • Fast-mapping

Question 60

Question
Do toddlers take time to become acquainted with fast-mapping, according to Swingley (2010)?
Answer
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Question 61

Question
According to Fenson (et al., 1994), who is slightly ahead in early vocabulary growth?
Answer
  • Girls
  • Boys

Question 62

Question
According to Berk, is the explanation for girls' rapid vocabulary growth because of their faster physical maturation and the promotion of development of the left cerebral hemisphere?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 63

Question
According to Salley and Dixon (2007), are temperamentally negative toddlers slower or faster at vocabulary acquisition?
Answer
  • Slower
  • Faster

Question 64

Question
According to Spere (et al., 2004), do shy toddlers remain behind or further ahead those around them in their preschool years for language development?
Answer
  • Slightly behind
  • Slightly ahead

Question 65

Question
Do parents tend to talk to toddler-age girls or boys?
Answer
  • Girls
  • Boys

Question 66

Question
Do parents converse less or more with shy children according to research (Leaper, Anderson, Sanders, 1998; Patterson & Fisher, 2002)?
Answer
  • Less with shy children
  • More with shy children

Question 67

Question
According to Hoff (2006), do children from lower SES backgrounds have a smaller vocabulary?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 68

Question
In Swedish, is the phonology easier or more difficult to discriminate? Is it harder to identify syllable and word boundaries?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 69

Question
Do Mandarin Chinese parents present their children with many short words that are easy to pronounce?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 70

Question
According to language development, referential style refers to:
Answer
  • Vocabulary consisting of words referring to objects
  • Vocabulary consisting of words referring to others (eg, parents, strangers)

Question 71

Question
In language development, expressive style refers to:
Answer
  • Vocabularies revolving around more social pronouns and formula
  • Vocabularies revolving less around social pronouns and formula, and more around verbs and adjectives

Question 72

Question
According to Bates (et al., 1994) do referential-style toddlers think words are for naming things, and expressive-style toddlers think words are for talking about people's feelings and needs?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 73

Question
Has research found there to be cultural differences in language styles and acquisitions in cultures? For example, American mothers tend to use nouns for labelling, compared to Asian mothers that rely on group membership.
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 74

Question
In language development, underextensions refer to:
Answer
  • Words that apply too narrowly
  • Words that apply too broadly

Question 75

Question
In language development, overextensions refer to:
Answer
  • Applying a word too broadly
  • Applying a word too narrowly

Question 76

Question
Do children as young as 2 years old fill in for words that they have not learned yet? For example, instead of "gardener", they say "plant-man".
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 77

Question
Do preschoolers extend language meanings through metaphor? For example, Winner (1988) observed a 3-year-old describe a stomach ache as a "fire engine in my tummy".
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 78

Question
Do children benefit from engaging with expert speakers according to Weizman and Snow (2001)?
Answer
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Question 79

Question
By 5 or 6 years old, can children add new words to their vocabulary by simply being given a definition? Does their vocabulary become more organised and definitive?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 80

Question
Has research shown adult feedback to help facilitate development? For example, "That's not a car. It's a truck. See, it has a place to put things in" (Chapman, Leonard & Mervis, 1986).
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 81

Question
Fast-mapping is supported by which store?
Answer
  • Phonological store
  • Orthographic store
  • Syntactic store

Question 82

Question
According to Gathercole (et al., 1997) phonological memory is not the sole provider of word learning. Does this mean that semantic knowledge influences the speed with which children form phonological traces that affect vocabulary growth?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 83

Question
In language development, mutual exclusivity bias refers to:
Answer
  • The assumption that words are entirely separate and non-overlapping
  • The assumption that words are fully overlapping and easily interchangeable

Question 84

Question
According to Berk (2012), once toddlers have acquired roughly 75 words, they begin to illustrate a shape bias. This refers to:
Answer
  • Previous learning of nouns based on shape, which heightens attention to the shape properties of additional objects
  • A bias towards shaping definitive properties of words

Question 85

Question
The emergentist coalition model (Golinkoff & Hirsh-Pasek, 2006) refers to:
Answer
  • Word learning strategies emerging out of children's efforts to understand language, and coalition cues (perceptual, social, and linguistic) shifting in importance as they grow older
  • Word learning strategies that are inhibited by development and become more pronounced as children grow older

Question 86

Question
Telegraphic speech refers to:
Answer
  • Two-word utterances that resemble a telegram; high-content words with smaller and less important ones
  • Multiple-word utterances that are spoken too quickly for anyone to understand

Question 87

Question
According to Lidz (2007), are children during their first word combinations more knowledgeable about grammar in comprehension or production?
Answer
  • Comprehension
  • Production

Question 88

Question
Dittmar (et al., 2008) suggested that infants were primed during the Gertner, Fisher, and Eisengart (2006) study in order to accurately answer the questions. When Chan (et al., 2010) replicated it, did children show preferences?
Answer
  • Yes, they did
  • No, they did not

Question 89

Question
According to Tomasello (2003) is there evidence to suggest that children younger than 3 years old perform poorly when asked to use newly-learned verb constructions in which they have not heard the verb used before?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 90

Question
Studies have found that English-speaking preschoolers performed well on tests for subject-verb-object orders when:
Answer
  • They grow older
  • They are younger

Question 91

Question
In the studies of English-speaking preschoolers and their grasp of subject-verb-object ordering, at what age according to Tomasello (2003, 2006) and Chan (et al., 2010) did children acquire new verbs?
Answer
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3 or 4

Question 92

Question
In language development, gramatical morphemes are:
Answer
  • Small markers that change the meanings of sentences (eg, "John's dog" and "he is eating")
  • Small markers that maintain the structure and rigidity of sentences

Question 93

Question
According to research, once children have acquired grammatical morphemes, they tend to commit to overegulisation. This is when children:
Answer
  • Apply a regular morphological rule to everything
  • Children do not apply the morphological rule enough times in sentences

Question 94

Question
Is the reason that children often overregulise sentences and show inconsistent patterns because they frequently hear irregular forms in adult speech and learn them as a result?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 95

Question
According to researchers (Maratos, 2000; Elman, 2003), do irregular forms of words eventually win? Because of how children learn irregular words used by adults in normal conversations, and thus learn by rote?
Answer
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Question 96

Question
Do negations (eg, (1) nonexistence "All crackers gone", (2) rejection "No take bath!", and (3) denial "That's not my kitty!") appear in children? At what age, according to research (Clancy, 1985; Vaidyanathan, 1991; Tam & Stokes, 2001).
Answer
  • 1 year olds
  • 2 and 3 year olds

Question 97

Question
In 2 and 3 year olds, the first negatives to appear are:
Answer
  • Nonexistence
  • Rejection
  • Denial

Question 98

Question
In 2 and 3 year olds, the second negatives to appear are:
Answer
  • Nonexistence
  • Rejection
  • Denial

Question 99

Question
In 2 and 3 year olds, the final negatives to appear are:
Answer
  • Nonexistence
  • Rejection
  • Denial

Question 100

Question
In language development, semantic bootstrapping refers to:
Answer
  • Children use words to understand sentence structuring
  • Children use words to signify what they mean in their sentences

Question 101

Question
In language development, turnabout refers to:
Answer
  • A speaker commenting on what was just said, but also requesting for it to be heard again
  • A speaker turning a conversation around to a different subject

Question 102

Question
According to Wanska and Bedrosian (1985), shading refers to:
Answer
  • When a speaker initiates a change of topic by gradually modifying the focus of discussion
  • When a speaker imitates the other speaker's mimics and intonations

Question 103

Question
In language development, illocutionary intent refers to:
Answer
  • What a speaker means to say, even if it was not said properly
  • What a speaker intends to say before they have actually said it
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