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SCR13-15
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Questions in this quiz (48)
1Which of the following is a core focus of interactionist theories of crime?
- AHow a person’s lifestyle changes their behaviour and creates deviant behaviour.
- BThe deviant interchanges people have with one another, and the meanings of these interchanges in the present, past, and future.
- CThe early stages of deviance.
- DThe study of how rules are applied to some people and not to others.
2What is the term used when someone is identified as criminal by public authorities?
- ASymbolic interactionism.
- BLabelling.
- CStrain.
- DPrimary deviation.
3Whether in a criminal organization or a legitimate occupation, what is the term for the passage of an individual through recognized stages in one or more related identities?
- AStatus.
- BSocial structure.
- CCareer.
- DStatus ladder.
4Which of the following is most representative of the concept of the deviant career?
- ADrift.
- BDifferential association theory.
- CStrain theory.
- DPrimary and secondary deviation.
5A mother with a full–time job as a university professor and a social network made up of other professors occasionally shoplifts clothing for her children. In the context of deviant careers, what is she an example of?
- APrimary deviation.
- BLabelling.
- CSecondary deviation.
- DDifferential association.
6Which of the following is most closely associated with the concept of primary deviation?
- AAn individual does not accept the label of deviant, resulting in the adoption of a deviant self–identity, but conforms to a deviant lifestyle.
- BAn individual does not commit deviant acts but is viewed by authorities to have done so.
- CAn individual commits deviant acts but does not adopt a primary self–identity as a deviant.
- DAn individual accepts the label of deviant, resulting in the adoption of a deviant self–identity that confirms the deviant lifestyle.
7An individual who illegally downloads music and buys counterfeit DVDs rationalizes his illegal activities with the excuse that entertainment companies make excessive profits. Which of the following best exemplifies his rationalization?
- AMoral rhetoric.
- BAmoral rhetoric.
- CInstrumental rhetoric.
- DDrift.
8Few young people have a strong value commitment to deviant norms and identities. Instead they transition in and out of deviance. David Matza calls this process:
- AProfessional Deviance
- BA criminal career.
- CSecondary deviation.
- DDrift.
9What is the term for someone who is engaged in outlawing certain vices?
- AAn advocate.
- BAn empirical entrepreneur.
- CA moral entrepreneur.
- DAn agent of social control.
10Which of the following does the term moral entrepreneur encompass?
- ANeither rule creators nor rule enforcers.
- BRule creators but not rule enforcers.
- CRule creators and rule enforcers.
- DRule enforcers but not rule creators.
11What is a person or group that demands new criminal laws or stricter enforcement of existing laws called?
- AA moral entrepreneur.
- BA criminal law entrepreneur.
- CA moral inventor.
- DA morality player.
12What is the termed used when society considers someone’s criminality as their defining characteristic?
- ASecondary deviance.
- BMaster status.
- CDeviant career.
- DPrimary deviance.
13When does secondary deviation occur?
- AWhen an individual does not accept the label of deviant, resulting in the adoption of a deviant self–identity, but conforms to a deviant lifestyle.
- BWhen an individual does not commit deviant acts but is viewed by authorities to have done so.
- CWhen an individual commits deviant acts but does not adopt a primary self–identity as a deviant.
- DWhen an individual accepts the label of deviant, resulting in the adoption of a deviant self–identity that confirms the deviant lifestyle.
14What is the term applied to an unintended event or situation that affects a person’s extent of involvement in crime?
- ACareer contingency.
- BDrift.
- CFreudian slip.
- DNegotiation.
15What is the term used to describe what offenders have when they do not think they have an acceptable alternate lifestyle other than criminal activity?
- AStigma.
- BDeviant identity.
- CLabelling.
- DContinuance commitment.
16People learn how to engage in crime, and this learning comes about through interaction with others who have already learned criminal ways. Which of the following theories is this statement associated with?
- AClass conflict.
- BRelative depravation.
- CAnomie.
- DDifferential association.
17Which of the following is most closely associated with the interactionist perspective?
- AMoral development.
- BDifferential association.
- CInstrumentalist Marxism.
- DOperant conditioning.
18Which of the following is the principal neo–Marxist critique of interactionist theory?
- AIt lacks strong systematic quantitative support.
- BIt fails to indicate how people make sense of their social world.
- CIt ignores how the conventional world identifies and classifies deviants and deviant acts.
- DIt fails to account for historical and contemporary political and economic interests.
19Which of the following assumptions are most relevant to social control theory?
- AMost people do not become criminals because they do not want to jeopardize their bonds to conventional society.
- BMost people become criminal because of the pressures placed on them in society.
- CAll people commit crimes, just some are caught and others get away with it.
- DMost people do not care about their bonds to conventional society but act the way they do because of genetic and biological factors.
20Which of the following claims would a social control theorist make?
- APeople commit criminal acts as a function of relatively stable personality traits.
- BCrime is the result of inherited traits that predispose an individual to behave in ways conducive to crime.
- CPeople become criminals through their association with offenders.
- DAll people are motivated to commit crimes.
21Which of the following is not true with respect to Thrasher’s theories of gangs?
- AGangs predominate in areas where social controls are weak.
- BGangs are not necessarily delinquent; however, delinquency often is the natural result of the activities of youth in areas with weak social controls.
- CGangs predominant in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods.
- DGangs predominate in the suburbs, despite strong social controls there.
22Which of the following best represents the causes of crime, according to Shaw and McKay’s ecological analysis?
- ADeviance will be highest in disorganized communities that lack social controls.
- BLack of ties to the conventional order will increase the likelihood of association with deviant peers.
- CThere are four elements of the social bond: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
- DPersonal controls, particularly those provided by the family, are extremely important.
23Whom did Nye consider the most significant group in fostering social controls of young people?
- AThe family.
- BPeers.
- CThe school.
- DThe police.
24Based on the early work of Hirschi, which of the following social bonds is related to the degree to which an individual has affective ties to others?
- ABelief.
- BAttachment.
- CCommitment.
- DInvolvement.
25According to Gottfredson and Hirschi’s “general theory of crime,” why do some people lack self–control?
- AAnomie.
- BPoor or weak childhood socialization.
- CDifferential association.
- DStrong unconventional bonds.
26Which of the following best represents Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime?
- AIndividuals with high self–control have a greater propensity to commit crimes when they have the opportunity to do so.
- BIndividuals with low self–control have a greater propensity to commit crimes when they have the opportunity to do so.
- CEveryone is born with built–in self–control propensities that create strong social bonds with society.
- DIndividuals with low self–esteem have a greater propensity to commit crimes when the opportunity presents itself.
27This institution affects delinquency in part because it has taken over many of the occupational socialization functions formerly performed by the family. Which institution is this?
- AThe community.
- BThe school.
- CReligion.
- DThe state.
28According to research, which of the following best represents the correlation between an individual’s religious involvement and criminal behaviour?
- AThere is a negative correlation.
- BThere is no correlation.
- CThere is a positive relationship in communities with high religious involvement but no relationship in other communities.
- DThere is a negative correlation in communities with high religious involvement but no relationship in other communities.
29Which of the following is not a valid criticism of control theory?
- AIt does not adequately account for the motivation to deviate.
- BIt has received relatively little empirical support.
- CIt is too conservative.
- DIt is too individualistic.
30Why is control theory often thought to be too conservative?
- AIt fails to acknowledge the biological component of behaviour.
- BIt fails to adequately deal with individual psychology.
- CIt fails to consider the plight of the less advantaged in society.
- DIt fails to acknowledge the structural factors in societies that help produce crime.
31Patterson concluded that key aspects of parental supervision and discipline involved all of the following except one. Which is the exception?
- ARecognizing deviant behaviour when it occurs.
- BProviding a reasoned rationale for punishment.
- CMonitoring the child’s behaviour.
- DPunishing deviant behaviour.
32All of the following are true about the role of the family in promoting self–control and preventing delinquency except one. Which one is the exception?
- APunitive discipline in the family reduces delinquency.
- BPrograms have been introduced to successfully help parents establish bonds with children to foster their internal controls.
- CSupervision of children correlates with low levels of delinquency.
- DChildren who have strong bonds to their parents and family are less likely to have low self–control.
33Which of the following does not differentiate good and bad schools in helping children function academically and behaviourally?
- AHow much students are allowed to participate in decision–making.
- BStandards set by the school.
- CThe degree of concentration of intellectually and socially disadvantaged children.
- DThe overall school budget per student.
34The Classical School of Criminology is considered an important forerunner of what theory of crime?
- ASocial control theories.
- BCritical theories.
- CInteractionist theories.
- DDeterrence theories.
35Long periods of incarceration are partly premised on what theory of crime?
- AGroup conflict theories.
- BInteractionist theories.
- CRoutine activity theories.
- DDeterrence theories.
36Which of the following statements is true with respect to mandatory minimum sentences?
- AThere is sufficient credible evidence to conclude that mandatory penalties have significant deterrent effects, but only for non– violent offenders.
- BThere is insufficient research to conclude whether mandatory penalties have significant deterrent effects.
- CThere is sufficient credible evidence to conclude that mandatory penalties have significant deterrent effects.
- DThere is insufficient credible evidence to conclude that mandatory penalties have significant deterrent effects.
37Which of the following is not true with respect to mandatory minimum sentencing?
- AThey are a fundamental part of California's “three strikes” laws.
- BThey have contributed to the massive increase in California's prison population.
- CThey are a cornerstone of the federal Conservative government’s “tough on crime” agenda.
- DThey are widely used in the United States, but not in Canada.
38Which of the following statements is true with respect to the deterrence effect of increasing
- ALittle research has been conducted into techniques that increase the certainty of punishment.
- BThere are few techniques available to increase the certainty of punishment.
- CA large body of research does not support the deterrent effect of increasing certainty.
- DA large body of research supports the deterrent effect of increasing certainty.
39Which of the following theories incorporates research on how offenders make decisions to commit or not commit crime in a particular time and place?
- AInteractionist theory.
- BGroup conflict theory.
- CRational choice theory.
- DPsychological theories of crime.
40What school of criminology argues that criminal offenders are more likely to commit their offences along the paths they travel in the course of their daily activities?
- AEcological criminology.
- BInteractionist criminology.
- CRoutine activity criminology.
- DEnvironmental criminology.
41Which of the following is best associated with the idea that young people who like to hang out in the evenings are more likely to be victims than are those who go to organized activities or remain at home to study?
- AEnvironmental criminology.
- BDeterrence theory.
- CRational choice theory.
- DLifestyle exposure theory.
42Which of the following is not a component of Cohen and Felson’s routine activities approach?
- ASuitable target.
- BLack of effective guardianship.
- CMotivated offenders.
- DPolice availability.
43Which of the following is an example of effective guardianship?
- AHaving a cellphone ready to dial 911.
- BHaving a security system.
- CKeeping less money at home.
- DProviding recreational facilities in the community.
44Which of the following theories has been criticized for not taking into account expressive crimes that involve emotional motivation?
- AClassical and neo–classical theories.
- BAnomie and strain theories.
- CRational choice and routine activities.
- DCultural conflict and group conflict.
45Which of the following is an example of situational crime prevention?
- APutting a lock on the door of a home.
- BProviding longer sentences for offenders.
- CProviding counselling for youth at high risk of becoming offenders.
- DProviding a recreational area for children living in an impoverished neighbourhood.
46Into which of Ronald Clarke’s categories of situational crime prevention techniques does posting a “shoplifting is stealing” sign fit?
- AReduce the rewards.
- BRemove excuses.
- CIncrease the effort.
- DIncrease the risks.
47Which of the following is one way to prevent crime by focusing on motivated offenders?
- AKeeping less money at home.
- BHaving a cellphone ready to dial 911.
- CHaving a security system.
- DCreating jobs for young men in impoverished communities.
48Which of the following is not a component of what the textbook calls a comprehensive crime prevention strategy that involves situational and developmental approaches?
- AEmphasize deterrence–based strategies such as mandatory minimum sentencing.
- BDraw upon programs that have been shown to be effective in other places.
- CCooperate among different levels of government and other agencies.
- DTarget areas where they are most needed.
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- 13-15
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- Ab Cek
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