8341850
Description
Question 1
Question
The homeostatic theory states that every [blank_start]regulatory[blank_end] mechanism of the body exists to [blank_start]maintain[blank_end] the constancy of the body's [blank_start]internal[blank_end] fluid environment.
Answer
-
regulatory
-
maintain
-
internal
-
external
Question 2
Question
(Select the correct statements.)
ECF composition is regulated in multicellular organisms because:
Answer
-
1/3 of total body water is in the ECF.
-
Cell membranes are semi-permeable and the concentration of components in the ECF influences the ICF, and so the internal environment of cells.
Question 3
Question
Fill in the normal reference ranges.
- Core body temperature = [blank_start]35[blank_end] - [blank_start]38[blank_end] degrees celsius.
- Fraction of body water content in ICF = [blank_start]2/3[blank_end], and so ECF = [blank_start]1/3[blank_end]. (4/5 of this is [blank_start]interstitial[blank_end] fluid, 1/5 of this is [blank_start]plasma[blank_end].)
- Na+ conc. in ECF = [blank_start]135[blank_end] - [blank_start]145[blank_end] mmol/L.
- Ca++ conc. in plasma = [blank_start]2.2[blank_end] - [blank_start]2.6[blank_end] mmol/L
- Glucose conc. in blood = [blank_start]3.5[blank_end] - [blank_start]6[blank_end] mmol/L while fasting, 3.5 - [blank_start]8[blank_end] mmol/L non fasting.
- K+ conc. in ECF = [blank_start]3.5[blank_end] - [blank_start]5[blank_end] mmol/L.
Answer
-
35
-
38
-
2/3
-
1/3
-
interstitial
-
plasma
-
135
-
145
-
2.2
-
2.6
-
3.5
-
6
-
8
-
3.5
-
5
Question 4
Question
Osmosis is the movement of water toward a region of [blank_start]high[blank_end] concentration of [blank_start]solute[blank_end], or from a high water concentration to a low water concentration.
[blank_start]Osmolarity[blank_end] is a measure of the total number of solute [blank_start]particles[blank_end] per [blank_start]litre[blank_end] of solution. For body cells this is 275 - 300 mosmol/L, in the ECF and ICF.
[blank_start]Tonicity[blank_end] refers to the effect that a solution's osmolarity has on cell [blank_start]volume[blank_end].
Answer
-
high
-
low
-
solute
-
particles
-
litre
-
Tonicity
-
volume
-
Osmolarity
Question 5
Question
Normal RMP (resting membrane potential) is:
Answer
-
-70mV, if the outside of the cell is taken as 0.
-
-70mV, if the inside of the cell is taken as 0.
Question 6
Question
The main determinant of RMP (resting membrane potential) is:
Answer
-
K+, as it has the highest permeability of ions.
-
Ca++, as it controls electrical impulses and therefore contractions in muscles.
Question 7
Question
The RMP of cells remains constant.
Answer
- True
- False
Question 8
Question
Which statement about reference (normal) ranges is incorrect?
Answer
-
Reference range values are specific to age group, and values within two standard deviations of the mean are considered normal.
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By chance, 5% of tests outside this range are from healthy people.
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Intra-individual variation is normal, but inter-individual is not.
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Both inter-individual and intra-individual variation are normal.
Question 9
Question
Choose the correct statements about feedback systems.
Answer
-
Positive feedback systems are the most helpful to maintaining homeostasis.
-
Negative feedback systems oppose change to regulated variables.
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Feed-forward system responses can be behavioural or physiological.
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The sensor and integrator of a system can be the same cell.
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A good example of a negative feedback system is childbirth, specifically oxytocin release due to stretch which triggers more contractions.
Question 10
Question
Choose the two physiological communication pathways, and their appropriate timings.
Answer
-
Neuronal for quick responses, hormonal for slow responses.
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Neuronal for slow responses, hormonal for quick responses.
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Feed-forward for quick responses, feedback for slow responses.
Question 11
Question
Which method of heat loss is still effective when the environment is hotter than the body.
Answer
-
Evaporation
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Radiation
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Convection
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Conduction
Question 12
Question
[blank_start]Vasodilation[blank_end] allows more blood to the skin and so allows more heat [blank_start]loss[blank_end]. [blank_start]Piloerection[blank_end] diverts more blood to the visceral organs and so aids heat [blank_start]retention[blank_end].
Answer
-
Vasodilation
-
Piloerection
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loss
-
retention
Question 13
Question
In anatomical position the palms face backward.
Answer
- True
- False
Question 14
Question
Which statement is false?
Answer
-
Anterior is opposite to superior.
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Inferior means below something, superior means above something.
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Medial means closer to the saggital median line, lateral means further away from it.
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Distal is opposite to proximal.
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Superficial means closer to the surface.
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