Quiz
Week 4 & 5
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Questions in this quiz (72)
1In the European - American datos históricos the following was found:
- harder event pairs (1 year apart) were ordered correctly less often than easier pairs (10 years apart).
- if the more recent events were American, the error rate was 36% as opposed to 47% when the more recent events were European.
- estos datos se encuentran en diferentes memory repositories.
- muchas veces los contemporary events tienen una conexión existente con la recency del evento y la recency de la memoria. Como este tipo de eventos los estudiamos a través de las noticias, periódicos, etc. es probable que se vinieran a la mente de los participantes mucho más rápido. También pueden ser cued relacionándolos con una autobiographical memory.- ATrue
- BFalse
2A qué se relacionan los siguientes eventos?
Contemporary.
Date of a historical event.
Contemporary events.- AContemporary events - can be cured by relating them to autobiographical memories.
- BDate of a historical event - part of semantic memory only.
- CContemporary events - related to autobiographical events, may be part of episodic memory.
3Accessibility principle: " the more you know about it, the more recent an event will seem, other things being equal".
En base a esto cuál de las siguientes opciones es correcta?- AEste principio aplica al retrieval de las once-known dates de la memoria, no de la estimation of unknown dates on the basis of partial knowledge.
The better known events tended to be dated as more recent than the lesser known events. - BEste principio aplica al retrieval de las once-known dates de la memoria y a la estimation of unknown dates on the basis of partial knowledge.
The better known events tended to be dated as more old than the lesser known events.
- AEste principio aplica al retrieval de las once-known dates de la memoria, no de la estimation of unknown dates on the basis of partial knowledge.
4A qué se refiere el accesibility principle?
- AA que los eventos que mejor conocemos tienden a ser dated como menos recientes que los eventos que no conocemos tan bien. Entre más sabemos sobre un evento, más lejano se siente. Aplica para el retrieval de los once-known dates of memories y para la estimation de los unknown dates.
- BA que los eventos que mejor conocemos tienden a ser dated como más recientes que los eventos que no conocemos tan bien. Entre más sabemos sobre un evento, menos lejano se siente. Aplica para el retrieval de los once-known dates of memories, no para la estimation de los unknown dates.
5An inexact, but unbiased, memory for the date of an event can be modeled by a distribution of values around the true date, from which the estimator samples at random.
- ATrue
- BFalse
6Almost all respondents believed American history was younger than 3 centuries.
- ATrue
- BFalse
7Cuando no estamos seguros de cuándo sucedió un evento, utilizamos estrategias para calcularlo. Un ejemplo es, selecting a probable range of times y con eso adivinamos que el evento sucedió al principio.
- ATrue
- BFalse
8Three types of autobiographical functions exist
- ASelf (interpersonal, psychodynamic)
Social (interpersonal, communicative)
Directive (problem solving) - BSelf
Interpersonal
Communicative
- ASelf (interpersonal, psychodynamic)
9Qué son las personal event memories?
Memorias de nuestro pasado personal que pinpointed un evento que pasó en un momento y lugar particular. Incluye recuerdos únicos relacionadas con la memoria específica, normalmente los recordamos cuando los asociamos con algo sensorial como imágenes o sentimientos.- ATrue
- BFalse
10Qué hace un trauma normalmente?
Continuamente ejerce una influencia específica y constante en ciertas actitudes o comportamientos.- ATrue
- BFalse
11Normalmente la recuperación de un trauma aparece en tres etapas
1.) Preserving future safety.
2.) Recovery. Remembrance and mouring (recuerdo y duelo), and the healing mechanism is memory sharing.
3.) Reconnection and development of a changed identity.- ATrue
- BFalse
12Los recuerdos son static.
- ATrue
- BFalse
13Algunas lecciones encapsuladas en recuerdos vívidas de episodios particulares las experimentamos frecuentemente en la vida diaria.
- ATrue
- BFalse
14Otra función de los recuerdos es que nos ayudan a nuestro future well-being porque son recordatorios de lo que vale la pena perseguir y lo que debemos evitar. Esto por experiencias previas.
- ATrue
- BFalse
15Cuál de las siguientes es verdad?
- ASemantic knowledge may be more important than episodic for guiding behavior.
- BEpisodic knowledge may be more important than semantic for guiding behavior.
- CDirective functions may be more apparent in test situations that use a "problem solving context".
- DNon-directive functions may be more apparent in test situations that use a "problem solving context".
16Adultos mayores que están envejeciendo exitosamente mostraron más instrumental e integrative reminiscence pero no más narrative reminiscence.
- ATrue
- BFalse
17En el experimento las narratives de las mujeres contenían un mayor número de recuerdos específicos que las de los hombres. Las mujeres también tuvieron un score más alto en identidad y problem-solving factors.
- ATrue
- BFalse
18El tipo de processing que le damos a un estímulo no influencia en lo absoluto al later recall y al reconocimiento de ese estímulo.
Diferentes tipos de processing nos llevan al mismo memory performance.- ATrue
- BFalse
19Los resultados del experimento de Lotus, Greene and Smith:
Los sujetos que juzgaron el porcentaje del cielo hicieron twice as many errors as subjects who were given the intention to learn. Those who contemplated the meaning of life made at lest as few errors as subject who intended to learn.- ATrue
- BFalse
20Qué es la episodic memory?
The capacity to recollect specific events.
- allows you to access specific memories located at a particular point in time.
- such event might then accumulate and consolidate to form the basis of semantic memory.- ATrue
- BFalse
21Cuáles son los 3 pasos que necesitamos para recordar eventos de la episodic memory?
1.) A system that allows you to encode that particular experience in a way that will distinguish it from others.
2.) Requires a method of storing that event in a durable form.
3.) Requires a method of searching the system and retrieving that particular memory.- ATrue
- BFalse
22The Bartlett approach
Bartlett chose to study the recall of complex material, rather than studying the accumulation of information like Ebbinghaus.
El experimento que hizo era leer una historia y después ver lo que podían recall.
Los resultados:
- the remembered story was always shorter, more coherent, and tended to fit in more closely with the participant's own viewpoint than the original story.
- schema, a long-term structured representation of knowledge that was used by the rememberer to make sense of new material and subsequently store and recall it.
- development of schemas, determine the way in which material is encoded, stored and subsequently recalled.- ATrue
- BFalse
23El experimento hecho por Carmichael, Hogan and Walter:
- presented the visual stimuli shown at the centre for subsequent recall.
- participants were later asked to draw the stimuli from memory, their drawings were strongly influenced by the label they had been given.
- suggesting that the bias occurred at retrieval rather than encoding; the appropriate information was stored but the difficult task of recalling by drawing led to an undue influence of the verbal labels.- ATrue
- BFalse
24Meaning and memory
- syllables rated as more meaningful are easier to recall.
- lists of words that were highly associated with each other were easier to recall than lists with few interned associations.
- the extent to which a word evoked an image were a very powerful predictor of how well it would be remembered.- ATrue
- BFalse
25Qué es la dual-coding hypothesis?
- highly imageable word are easy to learn because they can be encoded both visually and verbally.
- two routes of retrieval for imageable words - visual and verbal.- ATrue
- BFalse
26Qué es la Cloze technique y qué mide?
- people are presented with a passage from which every fifth word has been deleted. Their task is to guess the missing words.
- strong relationships exist between the words in a sentence but not between the words in a list.
- redundancy as measured by the Cloze technique is a reasonably good predictor of both the judged readability of text and of its memorability.
- The more redundant and predictable a piece of prose, the easier it is to recall.- ATrue
- BFalse
27Why does meaning facilitate long-term learning?
- one possibility - storage in STM relies on a phonological code, whereas LTM is semantically based.- ATrue
- BFalse
28Levels of processing - Craik & Lockhart
- the way in which material is processed determines its durability in LTM. Information is taken in and processed to varying depths.
- the greater the depth of processing, the better the subsequent memory.
- for positive items, the word to be recalled was integrated more closely with the bonding question, particularly in the semantic condition.
- if a sentence made sense when linked with the target words, remembering the sentence would help remind you of the target.
- no evidence that slower processing led to enhanced recognition.
- deeper and more elaborate processing leads to better memory.
- does not depend on whether the participants know that recall will be required, performance depends only on what processing task is performed.- ATrue
- BFalse
29Depth of processing = the more deeply an item is processed, the better will be its retention.
2 problems:
1.) measuring the depth of processing.
2.) situations in which deeper processing does not always lead to better performance.- ATrue
- BFalse
30Transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) = retention is best when the mode of encoding and mode of retrieval are the same.
- for a test to reveal prior learning, the processing requirements of the test should match the processing conditions at encoding.- ATrue
- BFalse
31Semantic coding is advantageous because it allows a richer and more elaborate code, which in turn becomes more readily retrievable.
- very clear advantage to words embedded (incrustadas) in the semantically richer sentences.- ATrue
- BFalse
32Cuál es la diferencia entre incidental & intentional learning?
- AIncidental learning = learning when the learner know that there will be a test of retention.
Intentional learning = learning situation in which the learner is unaware that a test will occur. - BIncidental learning = learning situation in which the learner is unaware that a test will occur.
Intentional learning = learning when the learner know that there will be a test of retention.
- AIncidental learning = learning when the learner know that there will be a test of retention.
33Cuál es la diferencia entre maintenance & elaborative rehearsal?
The slight increase in familiarity based on the recent repetition is enough to boost recognition, but that this does not provide a sufficiently powerful cue to allow the original words to be evoked.- AMaintenance rehearsal = continuing to process an item at the same level. Process of rehearsal whereby items are "kept in mind" but not processed more deeply.
Elaborative rehearsal = involves linking the material being rehearsed to other material in memory. Process whereby items are processed either more deeply or more elaborately. - BMaintenance rehearsal = involves linking the material being rehearsed to other material in memory. Process whereby items are processed either more deeply or more elaborately.
Elaborative rehearsal = continuing to process an item at the same level. Process of rehearsal whereby items are "kept in mind" but not processed more deeply.
- AMaintenance rehearsal = continuing to process an item at the same level. Process of rehearsal whereby items are "kept in mind" but not processed more deeply.
34The important thing is not the desire to remember, but the way in which you process the material.
What is important is what you do with the material, not what your purpose is.- ATrue
- BFalse
35Why does semantic coding help?
- deeper processing emphasized the use of a semantic code, which is potentially much richer than a code representing the sound or printed appearance of a word.- ATrue
- BFalse
36Qué es la subjective organization?
A strategy whereby a learner attempts to organize unstructured material so as to enhance learning.
- as people gradually learned the list, they tended to produce words in clusters.
- another effective way of organizing material is a hierarchical structure.
- trying to link the various words into a coherent story.- ATrue
- BFalse
37Aunque a veces nuestros recuerdos están perfectamente guardados, tenemos problemas para recuperarlos (retrieval).
The tip-of-the-tongue state = an extreme form of pause, where the word takes a noticeable time to come out.
- the feeling that you know something is often a good indication that you do.
- damage to the prefrontal cortex hinders recall even for very well leaned information from across our lifespans.- ATrue
- BFalse
38- Successful access often relies upon retrieval mechanisms.
- Our memory store contains more information than we can access at any given moment.- ATrue
- BFalse
39Qué es retrieval y cómo funciona?
Retrieval = process of recovering a target memory based on one or more cues, subsequently bringing that target into awareness.
- during retrieval we are usually seeking a particular memory = target memory or target trace.
- when we search for a target memory = specification.
- without specification there is nothing for your memory to work with.
- snippets (fragmentos) of information that allow you to access a memory are known as retrieval cues, or simply cues.
- traces in memory are believed to be linked up to one another by connections that are usually called associations or links.- ATrue
- BFalse
40Retrieval = a progression from one or more cues to a target memory, via associative connections.
- ATrue
- BFalse
41Activation level = variable internal state of a memory trace that contributes to its accessibility at a given point.
- one idea is that retrieval occurs by a process called spreading activation - each memory has an internal state of tis own, reflecting how "excited" or "active" it is,
- activation levels vary. Higher levels of activation = greater accessibility.
- if the target accumulates enough activation form the cue, it will be retrieved.- ATrue
- BFalse
42Pattern completion = process by which spreading activation from a set of cues leads to the reinstatement (reintegración) of a memory's features.
Incidental retrieval = where we are spontaneously reminded of a past experience.
Cue-specification = careful specification of what we are trying to remember.
Interference resolution processes = help to overcome interference from competing memories brought to mind instead of the target.
Post-Retreival monitoring = decision of whether what we have retrieved is what we are seeking.- ATrue
- BFalse
43Dividiendo la atención de una persona puede reducir la retrieval, aunque la segunda task no este relacionada con lo que estamos buscando.
A veces la retrieval puede funcionar con poca atención, pero obviamente afecta el encoding y la depth con lo que lo procesamos.- ATrue
- BFalse
44Encoding specify principle = the more similar the cues available at retrieval are to the conditions present at encoding, the more effective the cues will be.
Retrieval can fail is cues are relevant but weak.- ATrue
- BFalse
45Wagner asociado con retrieval!
- ATrue
- BFalse
46If a memory is weakly encoded, even a good cue may be insufficient to trigger retrieval.
Retrieval often improves when more relevant cues are added.
Es importante que los items realled sean biased towards things relevant to their respective perspectives.- ATrue
- BFalse
47Retrieval mode = cognitive set, or frame of mind, that orients a person towards the act of retrieval, ensuring that stimuli are interpreted as retrieval.
- we have to be in the right frame of mind or retrieval mode to recollect our past.- ATrue
- BFalse
48Context cues = the circumstances under which a stimulus has even encoded.
- memory retrieval is often influenced by context, sometimes intentionally, other times not.
- The concept of context is no limited to patio-temporal context, it also includes:
mood context.
emotional state.
physiological context.
cognitive context.- ATrue
- BFalse
49Direct/explicit memory tests = ask people to retrieve their past.
- ATrue
- BFalse
50Cryptomnesia = a person believes they are creating something new, but is recalling a similar work that they have encountered.
- ATrue
- BFalse
51Cuál es la diferencia entre?:
Indirect tests.
Repetition priming.
Context-dependent memory.- AIndirect tests = measure the influence of experiences without asking the person to recall the past.
Repetition priming = recent experience with the stimulus improves performance.
Context-dependent memory = the match of the current context to the one we are retrieving. Memory benefits when the spatio-temporal, mood, physiological, or cognitive context at retrieval matches that present at encoding. - BIndirect tests = recent experience with the stimulus improves performance.
Repetition priming =the match of the current context to the one we are retrieving. Memory benefits when the spatio-temporal, mood, physiological, or cognitive context at retrieval matches that present at encoding.
Context-dependent memory = measure the influence of experiences without asking the person to recall the past.
Repetition priming = recent experience with the stimulus improves performance.
- AIndirect tests = measure the influence of experiences without asking the person to recall the past.
52Cuál es la diferencia entre mood -congruent memory & mood-dependent memory?
- AMood-congruent memory =what is learnt in a given mood, whether positive, negative or neutral, is best recalled in that mood.
Mood-dependent memory = bias the recall of memories such that negative mood makes negative memories more readily available than positive and vice versa. Unlike mood dependency it does NOT affect the recall of neutral memories. - BMood-congruent memory = bias the recall of memories such that negative mood makes negative memories more readily available than positive and vice versa. Unlike mood dependency it does NOT affect the recall of neutral memories.
Mood-dependent memory = what is learnt in a given mood, whether positive, negative or neutral, is best recalled in that mood.
- AMood-congruent memory =what is learnt in a given mood, whether positive, negative or neutral, is best recalled in that mood.
53Reconstructive memory = an active and inferential process of retrieval whereby gaps in memory are filled-in based on prior experience, logic and goals.
- ATrue
- BFalse
54Retrieval failure is not a form of forgetting.
- ATrue
- BFalse
55Cuál es la diferencia entre incidental forgetting y motivated forgetting?
- AIncidental forgetting = memory failures occurring without the intention to forget.
Motivated forgetting = intentional forgetting, as well as forgetting triggered by motivations, but liking conscious intention. - BIncidental forgetting = intentional forgetting, as well as forgetting triggered by motivations, but liking conscious intention.
Motivated forgetting = memory failures occurring without the intention to forget.
- AIncidental forgetting = memory failures occurring without the intention to forget.
56Hyperthymestic syndrome = uncontrollable remembering.
- ATrue
- BFalse
57Forgetting does not increases as time progresses.
- ATrue
- BFalse
58Ebbinghaus
Forgetting curve/retention function = relationship between memory and time.
- forgetting was extremely rapid at first (en la primera hora), but it gradually slowed down over time (1 mes).
- overall retention is determined by the level of initial learning,- ATrue
- BFalse
59Recall is generally easier than recognition.
- ATrue
- BFalse
60Diferencia entre availability y accessibility?
Reduced accessibility is a memory failure.
Inaccessibility is considered forgetting.- AAvailability = whether it is in storage or not.
Accessibility = whether one can access a memory. - BAvailability = whether one can access a memory.
Accessibility = whether it is in storage or not.
- AAvailability = whether it is in storage or not.
61Si aprendes algo bien, es más difícil olvidarlo.
Jot's Law = if two memories are equally strong at a given time, then the older of the two will be more durable and forgotten less rapidly.- ATrue
- BFalse
62Cuál es la diferencia entre consolidation y systemic consolidation?
- until the memory becomes independent of the hippocampus, it is vulnerable to disruption.
- once a memory trace is reactivated, it enters a state of increased vulnerability to disruption.- AConsolidation = the hippocampus is initially required for memory storage and retrieval but that its contribution diminishes over time until the cortex is capable of retrieving the memory on its own.
Systemic consolidation = the time-dependent process by which a new trace is gradually woven into the fabric of memory and by which its components and their interconnections are cemented together. - BConsolidation = the time-dependent process by which a new trace is gradually woven into the fabric of memory and by which its components and their interconnections are cemented together.
Systemic consolidation = the hippocampus is initially required for memory storage and retrieval but that its contribution diminishes over time until the cortex is capable of retrieving the memory on its own.
- AConsolidation = the hippocampus is initially required for memory storage and retrieval but that its contribution diminishes over time until the cortex is capable of retrieving the memory on its own.
63Reconsolidation = the idea that memories must destabilize after reactivations.
- personal memories if retrieved periodically, grow resistant to forgetting.
- if recollections are incomplete or inaccurate due to reconstructive inferences, what we remember may not be what originally happened.- ATrue
- BFalse
64Trace decay = idea that memories get weaker over time.
- memories are not permanent and decay must exist.
Interference = phenomenon in which the retrieval of a memory can be disrupted by the presence of related traces in memory.- ATrue
- BFalse
65Infantile amnesia = tendency for older children and adults to hace few autobiographical memories from the early years of life.
- ATrue
- BFalse
66As time progresses, changes in context become grater, on average because the world changes and we change.
Contextual fluctuation = gradual and persistent drift in incidental context over time, such that distant memories deviate from the current context more so than newer memories, thereby diminishing the former's potency as a retrieval cue for older memories.
- Over time, experiences accumulate. Adding new memories affects how easily we find things already stored.- ATrue
- BFalse
67We can easily remember experiences for a long time if they are unique.
- ATrue
- BFalse
68Interference arises whenever the cue used to access a target, becomes associated to additional memories.
Competition assumption = when a cue is linked to multiple items, those items compete with the target for access to awareness.
Cue-overload principle = tendency for recall success to decrease as the number of to-be-remembered items associated to a cue increases.- ATrue
- BFalse
69Cuál es la diferencia entre retroactive interference y proactive interference?
- ARetroactive interference = tendency for more recently acquired information to impede retrieval of similar older memories. Affects long-term retention.
Proactive interference = tendency for older memories to interfere with the retrieval of more recent experiences and knowledge. Plays a powerful role in determining the rate of forgetting. - BRetroactive interference = tendency for older memories to interfere with the retrieval of more recent experiences and knowledge. Plays a powerful role in determining the rate of forgetting.
Proactive interference = tendency for more recently acquired information to impede retrieval of similar older memories. Affects long-term retention.
- ARetroactive interference = tendency for more recently acquired information to impede retrieval of similar older memories. Affects long-term retention.
70Part-set cuing impairments = when presenting part of a set of items, hinders (obstaculiza) your ability to recall the remaining items in the set.
- ATrue
- BFalse
71Collaborative inhibition (block or suppress) = when people get together to remember material that they each learned, they remember less when recalling the information as a group, than they do then each person recalls information separately and their results are combined in a common score.
Tal vez tiene que ver con cómo es el encoding y el recall. Si lo aprendiste sólo es más fácil que lo recuerdes sólo.
O porque if a group of members are generating lots of items while you are listening, the interference this causes may disrupt your retrieval -- part-set cuing.- ATrue
- BFalse
72Retrieval-induced forgetting = retrieval can harm recall of other memories or facts related to the retrieved item.
Retrieval practice paradigm = procedure used to study retrieval-induced forgetting.- ATrue
- BFalse
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- Test 1 Memory Quiz on Week 4 & 5, created by leticia_haddad_g on 08/04/2016.
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- leticia_haddad_g
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