Suburbanisation, Counter Urbanisation, Re-urbanisation, Urban Decline

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Suburbanisation

'the movement of people from the central areas of a city into the suburbs'

Causes of Suburbanisation in the UK

Growth of transport means people can easily access the city centre

Council housing built in the 50's and 60's was built on the edge of existing settlements

greater ability to work from home

decline in heavy industry

few planning controls in the 30's

desire for home ownership and garden

population increase

lower price of land further from CBD

inner city decline

perception of better education

Effects of Suburbanisation in the UK

Growth of out of town shopping centres

increased use of cars

growth of out of town office parks

growth of transport system - expensive to commute

surrounding towns become engulfed by outward spread of the urban area

concentration of lower income residents in the city

people spread out so it is expensive to put in services

Solutions to problems of Suburbanisation

Green belt land

revitalization of inner cities that have declined

regeneration of inner cities

brownfield to be used over greenfield development

New towns

Counter Urbanisation

'decline of proportion of population living in urban areas due to people moving out of cities into rural areas'

Causes of counter

urbanisation

increased urban prices

farms sell unwanted land because of struggle

more people work from home due to technology advances

people want to escape air pollution, dirt and crime

want a cleaner safer and quieter area particularly families

Effects of counter urbanisation

increased value on housing in rural areas

increased pressure on green-belt land

local services close

older houses are converted and modernised

tension between new comers and locals

Re-Urbanisation

'the movement of people back to live in an old city center or inner city area due to regeneration and gentrification'

Gentrification

areas are improved by more affluent people moving in and improving their properties

Characteristics

re-habilitation of old houses and streets on an individual basis

low incomes replaced by more affluent professional groups

house prices rise can cause friction between new-comers and locals

carried out by individuals not authorities

increase in bars, restaurants and higher status services

can lead to jobs in building and design

Regeneration schemes

initiated by successive governments from the start of the 1980's onwards. re-generate areas of urban decline, usually innercity areas. initiatives include:

Enterprise zones

Property-led regeneration

Partnerships between national governments and the private sector

Urban Decline

'an urban area is in decline in terms of its economy, population and quality of life'

Multiple Deprivation

the well being of individuals measured against a number of indicators such as education, employment, access to healthcare etc falls below a level regarded as a reasonable minimum.

Urban Despair

reaction of urban dwellers to decline and deprivation e.g. crime and vandalism.

Social Exclusion

where an individual or group is excluded from a meaningful place in society due to their economic or social circumstances

Characteristics of Urban Decline

Political- barely opportunity to join in community decisions

Social- low % of free school meals

-crime

-poor education

-low standard of healthcare

-high % of state benefits

Economic- low level of income

-limited employment opportunities

-limited access to leisure services

-high % of lone families and pensioners

Physical- graffitti

-poor quality housing

-vandalism

-litter

-pollution

Suburbanisaiton

Counter-Urbanisation

Re-Urbanisation

Urban Decline