Ohne Titel

George Herbert Mead

• Sociologist from University of Chicago
• "Symbolic Interactions Perspective"
• Two parts of Self: Self-awareness and Self-image
• Imitation - trying to put ourselves in the shoes of another
• Generalized others
• The “I” and “Me”
  • I - What is out there
  • Me - Image of ourselves

Henri de Saint-Simon

• Historic founder of French Socialism
• His idea of reconstruction of society conditioned by the French Revolution
• "Men who are successfully able to organize society for productive labor are entitled to govern it"
• "Society of Science" with emphasis on the role of experts and professionals

Herbert Spencer

• Coined “Survival of the fittest” - most adaptable and capable thrives, and those not would decline
• Synthetic Philosophy - Encompasses realms of physical, psychological, biological, sociological, and ethical
• Moral Philosophy
  • Social Statistics - one must derive pleasure from seeing pleasure in others
  • Principles of Ethics
    • Moral Dictum - Individuals should be free to do as they want as long as their actions don not infringe upon the rights and freedoms of others
    • Scientific position - Knowledge should be based on empirical observation and scientific evidence

David Émile Durkheim

• French Sociologist, "Principal Architect of modern sciences"
• Established academic discipline with Marx and Weber
• Sociology of Knowledge

• Collective representations - Emphasized the role of society in shaping individual belief, values and behavior
• Language - The way we talk and communicate is a product of everyone working together

• Four types of suicide
  • Egoistic suicide
    • Lack of Social Interaction
    • Individual feels disconnected or detached from society
    • More common among unmarried people, especially men
    • Characterized by a sense of meaninglessness, apathy and depression
  • Altruistic suicide
    • Excessive Social Integration
    • When one's needs are seen lower that society's
    • Sense of being overwhelmed by group goals and beliefs
    • Individual is expected to sacrifice themselves for society (military service)
  • Anomic suicide
    • Lack of social regulation or, moral confusion
    • Occurs during times of dramatic social or economic upheaval
    • Sense of normlessness and lack of social direction
    • Reflects a failure of society to provide adequate moral guidance
  • Fatalistic suicide
    • Excessive regulation and oppressive social conditions
    • Occurs in highly oppressive societies where individuals feel their futures are blocked
    • Sense of hopelessness due to extreme social control
    • Durkheim considered this type more theoretical and less common in reality

Albert Bandura

• Social Learning Theory - one learns by observing and imitating other's actions, with reinforcement and punishment influencing the likelihood of behavioral replication
• Modeling / Observational Learning - Learning by observing and imitating others
• Self-Efficacy - an individuals belief in their own ability to achieve specific goals and produce desired outcomes
• Social Cognitive Theory - expands social learning theory by emphasizing the cognitive process in learning and behavior

- highlights the significance of "self-efficacy", "cognitive factors" and "reciprocal determinism" in shaping human behavior

• Four Main Sources of Self-Efficacy
  • Mastery Experience - "Firsthand" experience of mastering a task or achieving a goal
  • Vicarious Experience - Observing other's experiences, can gain insight into the potential outcomes of their own actions and efforts
  • Social Persuasion - Refers to the influence of verbal encouragement, feedback, or support from others
  • Psychological Responses - Individual's emotional and physiological reactions to challenging/demanding behavior
• Determines Human Behavior
  • Cognitive Factors ("Personal Factors") - Knowledge, Expectations and Attitudes
  • Environmental Factors - Social Norms, Access in community and Influence on others (ability to change own environment)
  • Behavioral Factors - Skills, Practice and Self-Efficacy

Karl Marx

• Theory of Self-Estrangement or Self-Alienation
  • Alienation - Under Capitalism, individuals become distant from products of their labor and process of production
  • Class Consciousness - Believed that individuals (especially the "working class"), shared awareness of their exploitation and oppression, leading to a revolutionary transformation of society

Max Weber

• German sociologist and Political economist
• Bureaucracy
  • Hierarchy
  • Specialization
  • Formal rules and procedures
• Iron Cage of rationality - Argued that modern society, with its emphasis on efficiency, predictability, and calculability, constrains individual freedom and creativity, leading to a sense of disenchantment and alienation
• "To be successful, you need to use your imagination and not just follow the rules"

Lewis Morgan

• The Leasguge of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee or Iroquois (1851) - Presented the complexity of Iroquois society in a pathbreaking ethnography that was a model for future anthropologists
• Monogenesis - the theory that all human beings descended from a common ancestors
• "The structure of the family and social institutions develops and change according to a specific sequence"
• Theory of Social Evolution
  • Savagery - hunting and gathering stage
  • Barbarism - settled agriculture
  • Civilization - more advanced agriculture