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Learning theories: behaviorism, conditioning, Dollard and Miller

Maricruz Martinez Englisch 57 Karten

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  1. 1Psychoanalytic LearningCreative attempt to bring together the basic concepts of Freudian psychoanalytic theory with the ideas, language, methods, and results of experimental lab research on learning and behavior
  2. 2Radical BehaviorismStimulus-response theory of psychology can account for all of the overt behaviors that psychologists seek to explain
  3. 3EmpiricismSuggests that all knowledge originates in experience
    - The root of behavior and learning theories
  4. 4Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)• Took a hungry dog and presented it with food (unconditioned stimulus) that normally elicits salivation (unconditioned or response) Then he paired the food with the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus) that does not normally elicit salivation
  5. 5Classical Conditioning (continued)The sound of the bell had become a conditioned stimulus that elicited a conditioned response.
  6. 6Behaviorism (John Watson)Expanded classical conditioning into a theory of behaviorism
  7. 7HabitRefers to some kind of learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently
  8. 8Drive ReductionThe primary dynamic underlying personality development and the acquisition of habits
  9. 9DriveA strong stimulation that produces discomfort, such as hunger
  10. 10Primary DrivesAre those associated with physiological processes that are necessary for an organism's survival, such as the drives of hunger, thirst, and the need for sleep
  11. 11Secondary DrivesLearned on the baasis of primary ones
  12. 12ReinforcerAny event that increases the likelihood of a particular reponse
  13. 13Primary ReinforcersThose that produce primary drives, such as good, water, or need for sleep
  14. 14Secondary ReinforcersOriginally neutral, but they acquire reward value when they are associated with primary reinforces
  15. 15ReflexResponses are automatic responses to specific stimuli
  16. 16Hierarchy of ResponseRefers to tendency for certain responses to occur before others
  17. 17Learning process can be broken down into four main conceptual parts:1. Drive
    2. Cue
    3. Response
    4. Reinforcement
  18. 18DriveThe stimulus compelling a person to act, but no way does the drive direct or specify behavior
  19. 19CueSpecific stimulus that tells the organism when, where, and how to respond
  20. 20RespondOne's reaction to the cue
  21. 21ReinforcementThe effect of the response
  22. 22ExtinctionWhen a response is not reinforced satisfying a drive, the behavior undergoes extinction
  23. 23FrustrationOccurs when one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy it has been blocked
  24. 24ConflictIF the frustration arises from a situation in which incompatible responses are occuring at the same time
  25. 25Infrahuman SpeciesSimple laboratory animals under controlled conditions
  26. 26Several Types of Conflict- Approach-Approach Conflict
    - Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
    - Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  27. 27Approach-Approach ConflictThe individual is simultaneously attracted to two goals that have positive value but are incompatible (In love with two people at once and forced to make a choice)
  28. 28Avoidance-Avoidance ConflictA person faces two undesirable alternatives ( the hot plate is burning your hands but if you drop the plate, you drop the food)
  29. 29Approach-Avoidance ConflictOne goal both attracts and repels the individual (your date is both attractive and obnoxious)
  30. 30Two main determinants of unconscious processes:1. Certain drive or cues which are unlabeled
    2. Cues or responses that were once conscious but have been represses because they were ineffective
  31. 31Dollard and Miller's four critical states in child development:- The feeding situation in infancy
    - Cleanliness training
    - Early sex training
    - Training for control of anger and aggression
  32. 32SuppressionThe conscious, deliberate stopping of a thought or an action
  33. 33Reciprocal Inhibition (John Wolpe)Entails the introduction of a competitive response that will interfere with the original maladaptive response
  34. 34Systematic DesensitizationA patient is conditioned to stop responding to a stimulus in an undesired manner and to substitute a new response
  35. 35Species-Species BehaviorLimits what an organism learns; complex, rather than reflex, behaviors that occur in all members of a species
  36. 36Overt BehaviorCompletely comprehend in terms of responses to factors in the environment
  37. 37ReinforcementAnything that increases the likelihood of a response
  38. 38Operant ConditioningFar greater significance than classical conditioning; the effect of the behavior is the reinforcement
  39. 39Skinner's two types of behavior:Respondent Behavior
    Operant Behaviors
  40. 40Respondent BehaviorRefers to reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli; occur involuntary and automatically
  41. 41Operant BehaviorResponses emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present; occur spontaneously
  42. 42ShapingDeliberately shaped or molded the organisms behaviors n order to achieve the desired behavior
  43. 43DiscriminationThe ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are and are not reinforced
  44. 44GeneralizationThe application of a response learned in one situation to a different but similar situation
  45. 45SKinner introduced three Schedules of Reinforcement:- Continuous Reinforcement
    - Internal Reinforcement
    - Ratio Reinforcement
  46. 46Continuous ReinforcementThe desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs (extremely effective, but if it is stopped the response undergoes extinction
  47. 47Interval ReinforcementThe organism is reinforced after a certain time period has elapsed, regardless of the response rate
    - Fixed: the same time period elapses each time
    - Variable: the itme periods may differ in length
  48. 48Ratio ReinforcementThe rate of reinforcement is determined by the number of appropriate responses that the organism emits
    - Fixed: the number of responses required prior to reinforcement is stable and unchanging
    - Variable: the number of appropriate operant behaviors that must occur prior to reinforcement changes from time to time
  49. 49Generalized Conditioned ReinforcersLearned and have the power to reinforce a great number of different behaviors
  50. 50Positive ReinforcementOccurs when a behavior is followed bu a situation that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future
  51. 51Negative ReinforcementComes about when a behavior is followed by the termination of an unpleasant situation, increasing the likelihood of that behavior in similar situations
  52. 52PunishmentOccurs when a behavior is followed by an unpleasant situation designed to eliminate it
  53. 53SatiationEntails permitting the behavior to occur until the individual tires of it
  54. 54Behavior ModificationSeeks to eliminate undesired behaviors by changing the environment within which they occur
  55. 55Token EconomyToken of some kind may be exchanged for special privileges are used to reinforce appropriate behaviors used in prisons, mental institutions, etc
  56. 56Psychological BehaviorismA detailed theory of personality that translates personality concepts into behavioral language
  57. 57Time-OutWhich avoids aversive punishment to eliminate undesired behavior by simply removing the individual from the situation in which the undesired behavior is occurring

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Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von Maricruz Martinez am 03/10/2017.
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