Karteikarten
Macroevolution
Karten in diesem Stapel (41)
- 1What are the 5 lines of evidence for evolution?-The fossil record
-Homology
-Vestigial structures
-Bio geography
-Direct observation - 2Explain the fossil record and how it supports evolution.-Fossils show transition from reptiles to mammals. Also records transition of terrestrial tetrapods to secondary marine cetaceans.
-Knowledge of fossils increases over time.
-Living fossils also demonstrate morphological transitions (platypus) - 3Who was William Smith and what did he do?Father of British geology. noticed that fossils always appeared in certain sequence. sequence of fossils demonstrates developmental principal of succession.
- 4Explain homolgy and how it supports evolution.-Homologies are characters that are similar because they were shared by a common ancestor. (e.g pentadactyl limb of tetrapod) this is evidence for divergent evolution.
-The genetic code is universal and is a deep molecular homolgy for life. Many regulatory genes are highly conserved = hox clusters for body patterning - 5Explain vestigial structures and how they supports evolution.Structures that are left behind from ancestors, have no apparent function
-Vermiform appendix
-Ear muscles in humans
-Pelvis of whales - 6What is biogeography and explain how it supports evolution.-Distribution of species, paper by Darwin and Wallace on tenancy for species to form varieties.
-Wallace emphasises biogeographical and environmental pressure on causing adaptation
-Darwin emphasised competition between individuals
-Dispersal fell short in explaining some patterns of biogeography instead the surface of the earth must have changed therefore distributing species. - 7Explain how direct observation provides evidence for evolution.-Selection can be observed in nature, artificial selection produced by humans (Heike crap human like features)
-Irreducible complexity argument as proof of a creator - 8What are the 3 basic rock types?*Igneous - derived from molten material (granite, basalt)
*Metamorphic - rocks altered by great temperature and pressure (marble, slate, quarts)
*Sedimentary - rocks formed by the accumulation/cementation of mineral grains (sandstone, shale, limestone) - 9What is a fossil and what are the 3 types ?A fossil is any trace left by an organism from the geological past.
*Body fossils
*Trace fossils
*Chemical fossils - 10How does a body fossil form?1) Animal dies
2) Scavengers and decays
3) Skeleton buried in sediment
4) Sediment accumulates on organism
5) Sediment compacts forcing out water and bring particles closer together
6) sedimentary rock formed with skeleton inside - 11Define Taphony.Study of processes between death of an organism and its becoming a fossil.
- 12What can a fossil tell us?- How the organism died
- Where the organism lived
- Indication of predation
- Accompanying fossils - 13Explain the levels of preservation- Premineralised volatile soft tissues
- Mineral formation after decomposition of soft tissue but before compactation
- Hard skeleton and lignin or cellulose
- Just heavily mineralised skeleton - 14Define the following marine organisms: *Infaunal *Pelagic *EpifaunalInfaunal - organism that lives in sediment of seabed
Pelagic - organism that lives in open sea
Epifaunal - organism that lives of surface of seabed - 15Define the following non-marine sediments: *Flurial *Deltaic *Lacustrine *AeolianFlurial - sediment found in rivers
Deltaic - sediment found at the mouth of rivers
Laucustrine - sediment associated with lakes
Aeolian - sediment arising from wind action - 16Describe the 4 types of body fossil.*COMPRESSION + IMPRESSION - results when organic matter is buried in sediment before complete decomposition leaving impression. Can leave carbonaceous film
*PERMINERALISED - pores of plant, shells, bones impregnated with mineral matter original shape maintained but all organic matter replaced (petrification)
*CASTS + MOULDS - originate when remains decay or dissolve when buried in sediment
*UNALTERED REMAINS - exceptional preservation in ice, bogs or tar pits. - 17What is a micro-fossil?coocoliths and formas are fossils of mineralised plankton.
paleopalynology is the study of fossil pollen - 18Describe trace fossils and chemical fossils.TRACE FOSSILS - tracks, burrows, footprints, coprolites (dung)
CHEMICAL FOSSILS - provide organic signature for ancient life, ability to date.
(biolipid becomes geolipid, cholesterol becomes 5alphaH-cholestane) - 19Describe earth's formation and earth before life.- Formation of earth 4.5 billion years ago
- Atmosphere formed 3.8 bya initially from volcanic gassing, h2o co co2 reducing atmosphere. Gravity prevented escape
- Other elements brought in by comets
- Inhospitable to life for 500 million years - 20Discuss theories for the origin of life.PRIMORDIAL SOUP - reducing atmosphere plus lots of energy can generate amino acids. Miller and Urey generated CH4, NH3 and CN other experiments yielded sugars, lipids and nucletides
RNA WORLD - rna can catalyse reactions of itself so this is theoriesed to have come first
PROTEIN FIRST - amino acids can polymerise abiotically in absence of water forming proteinoids
PANSPERMIA - organic compounds/life arrived from space - 21What were the first cells like?-earliest prokaryotes similar to cyanobacteria or blue-green algae
- gradually increased 02 screening radiation from sun allowing development of other organisms. - 22List the geological periods.*CAMBRIAN
*ORDOVICIAN
(mass extinction)
*SILURIAN
*DEVONIAN
*CARBONIFEROUS
*PERMIAN
(largest mass extinction)
*TRIASSIC
*JURASSIC
*CRETACEOUS
(mass extinction) - 23Describe the Cambrian.- Small shelly organisms
-Burgess Shale
-The majority of all modern animal phyla appear all at once in fossil record - 24Describe the Ordovician- One continent shifted south revealing ocean to the north
-Sea level rises
- Initially very hot, cooling began
- Many filter feeders
- Triolobites, Brachiopods, Red/green algae, Crinoids,
*END OF PERIOD MASS EXTINCTION*
(killed 60% genera and 25% of familes) - 25Describe the Silurian- Warm and stable climate, warm shallow seas.
- First bony and jawed fish
- Sea scorpions, euryptedis
- Simple plants on land
- Melting of glaciers - 26Describe the Devonian- Warm ocean 30c, age of fishes
- Vegetation developed removing co2
- First reefs
- First tetrapods
- End of the period plants >1m, two major lineages of vascular plants
*Zosterophyllophytes
*Trimerophytes - 27Describe the Carboniferous.- Mild temperatures, becoming colder
- Vegetation covered by sea did not rot but formed coal deposits instead
- Radiation of amphibians and first reptiles
- Giant everything
- Collision of laurassia into gondwanaland and siberia into east europe - 28Describe the Permian.- Much of the land fused in super continent known as Pangea
- Interior regions dry with great seasonal fluxations
-Radiation of amniotes, mammal ancestor
*LARGEST MASS EXTINCTION*
(96% marine species, all trilobites, all sea scorpions)
(high CO2 and low O2, release of CH4) - 29Describe the Triassic.- Pangea split from east
- Hot and dry
- Modern corals
- Large marine reptiles
- First dinosaurs - 30Describe the Jurassic.- Pangea breaks into Laurasia (n) and Gondwana (s)
- Warm and weak seasons
- Conifers dominate forests
- First birds - 31Describe the Cretaceous.Increased faunal differentiation
- Temperature gradient
- Ants, wasps, bees, moths, aphids, grasshoppers,
- Angiosperms
- Dinosaurs continue to radiate
- Diatoms radiate oceans
*MASS EXTINCTION*
(dinosaurs extinct, probably extraterrestrial impact) - 32What is a character?Any recognisable trait/feature that can be coded or measured.
- 33What is classification, why do we classify?Biological classification is concerned with distinguishing and describing living and fossil species and arranging those species into hierarchical multilevel system.
- Binomial nomenclature introduced by Carl Linnaeus
- Humans like to order information
- Allows generalisations
- Can make phylogenetic reltations - 34What is a phenogram?PHENOGRAM- hierarchical clustering diagram, groups formed on the basic of overall similarity, not phylogeny.
Issue of homoplasy/analogous features - 35What is a cladogram?CLADOGRAM- hierarchical clustering diagram bases on characters selected as reliable indication of phylogeny.
Use homologous features. - 36Describe the 3 types of character.SYNAPOMORPHY - shared derived character from common ancestor not shared with an other group.
SYMPLESIOMORPHY - shared primitive character from common ancestor not including all descendents.
ANALOGY - independently derived convergent character. - 37What is a species? Describe phenetic concepts and biological concepts.Species - the basic unit used in classification
PHENTIC CONCEPTS - phentic appearance used to classify and evidence suggests phentic clusters correspond to species
BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS - used by John ray advocated by Darwin, species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups. - 38List prezygotic isolating mechanisms.-Geographical isolation
- Temporal isolation
- Sexual isolation
- Mechanical isolation
- Isolation by pollinators
- Gametic isolation - 39List postzygotic isolating mechanisms.- Hybrid inviability
- Hybrid sterility
- Hybrid maladaption
- Hybrid breakdown - 40What is a species? Describe recognition, ecological and cladistic concept.RECOGNITION CONCEPT - a species is a set or organisms that recognises each other as potential mates.
ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT - a species is a set of organisms that is adapted to a particular set of resources called a niche.
CLADISTIC CONCEPT - species are the sections of lin between branch points of the tree. - 41How to does divergence occur?*Neodarwinian view - different selection forces because of environmental differences, populations in geographically distinct areas natural selection causes speciation.
*Mayr - role for genetic revolution. the chance isolation of small fragments of a population may allow spread of previously disadvantaged gene (founder effect + genetic drift)
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- Biology (Semester one) (Ecology and Evolution) Karteikarten am Macroevolution , erstellt von Yasmin Beer am 18/01/2018.
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