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General Biology - Chapter 4
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- 1•Cells were discovered in 1665 by ___________________________ •________________- first to see living cells •Early studies of cells were conducted by - ________________(1838) –________________ (1839)•Cells were discovered in 1665 by __Robert Hooke_________________________
•Anton van Leewenhoek- first to see
living cells
•Early studies of cells were conducted by
–Mathias Schleiden (1838)
–Theodor Schwann (1839) - 2•Schleiden and Schwann proposed the___________________________ What made these discoveries possible??__________________________Schleiden and Schwann proposed the--____Cell Theory_______________________
What made these discoveries possible??_____The Microscope_____________________ - 3Minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points.Resolution
- 4•Microscope is an - _____________________________________.•Microscope is an - instrument that magnifies an object.
- 5•Light microscopes 1.) Use____________________________. 2.) Resolve structures that are ____nm apart. •Electron microscopes 3.) Use_______________________________. 2.) Resolve structures that are ____nm apart.•Light microscopes
1.) Use magnifying lenses with visible light.
2.) Resolve structures that are 200 nm apart.
•Electron microscopes
3.) Use beam of electrons.
4.) Resolve structures that are 0.2 nm apart. - 6Cell Theory 1._________________________________________________ 2.___________________________________________________ 3.___________________________________________________Cell Theory
1. _All organisms are composed of cells._________________________________________________
2.__Cells are the smallest living things._________________________________________________
3._Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.__________________________________________________ - 7How Small are cells? •Smallest type of cells?______________________________________ •Bigger?________________________________________________ •Biggest cell?______________________________________________How Small are cells?
•Smallest type of cells?_Bacteria_____________________________________
•Bigger?_General plant and general animal._______________________________________________
•Biggest cell?_aostrich egg____________________________________________ - 8•Cell Size •Most cells are relatively small due reliance on _______________________________________________________________________.•Cell Size
•Most cells are relatively small due reliance on _diffusion of substances in and out of cells._ - 9•Rate of diffusion affected by –______________________________ –Temperature –Concentration gradient –Distance•Rate of diffusion affected by
–_Surface area available_____________________________
–Temperature
–Concentration gradient
–Distance - 10•Organism made of many small cells has an advantage over an organism composed of fewer, larger cells•Surface area-to-volume ratio
- 11•As a cell’s size increases, ___________________________________________________________________________.•As a cell’s size increases, _its volume increases much more rapidly than its surface area._
- 12•Some cells overcome limitation by being long and skinny – like _________.•Some cells overcome limitation by being long and skinny – like neurons.
- 13Components Found in ALL cells: 1.___________________________________. 2.______________________________. –Semifluid matrix 3._____________________________. –Synthesize proteins 4.___________________________. –Phospholipid bilayerComponents Found in ALL cells:
1._Nucleoid or nucleus where DNA is located.__________________________________
2._Cytoplasm_____________________________
–Semifluid matrix
3._Ribosomes____________________________
–Synthesize proteins
4._Plasma membrance_________________
–Phospholipid bilayer - 14Taxonomy •Domain: •__________________________ •__________________________ •__________________________Taxonomy
•Domain:
•_Bacteria_________________________
•_Archaea_________________________
•_Eukarya_________________________ - 15•Kingdoms: •_________________________- Heterotroph by ingestion •_________________________- Multicellular photosynthesizes •_________________________- Saprotrophs •_________________________- Everything else•Kingdoms:
•_Animalia________________________-
Heterotroph by ingestion
•_Plantae________________________-
Multicellular photosynthesizes
•_Fungi________________________- Saprotrophs
•_Protista________________________- Everything else - 16Prokaryotic Cells •Simplest organisms •______________________________________________ –DNA is present in the nucleoid a Single round chromosome *Plasmid •Variation outside plasma membraneProkaryotic Cells
•Simplest organisms
•_Lack a membrance - bound nucleus_______________________________________________
–DNA is present in the nucleoid a Single round chromosome
*Plasmid
•Variation outside plasma membrane - 17Most prokaryotic cells are encased by a ___________________. –composed of ___________________ (NOT in Archaea) –Cell walls of plants, fungi, and most protists different •Protect the cell, maintain its shape, and prevent excessive uptake or loss of water •Susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics often depends on the structure of their cell wallsMost prokaryotic cells are .encased by a strong cell wall.
–composed of ___peptidoglycan____ (NOT in Archaea)
–Cell walls of plants, fungi, and most protists different
•Protect the cell, maintain its shape, and prevent excessive uptake or loss of water
•Susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics often depends on the structure of their cell walls - 18What is outside of the cell wall? •Capsule -____________ -_____________ •Flagella -_______________________. •Pili - ____________ -_________________What is outside of the cell wall?
•Capsule
-Protection -Virculence
•Flagella
-Used for locomotion.
•Pili
- Anchorage
-Genetic exchange - 19Eukaryotic Cells •Possess a ______________________________________. -More complex than prokaryotic cells. •Hallmark is ________________________________________ –Achieved through use of membrane-bound organelles and endomembrane system •Possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structureEukaryotic Cells
•Possess a membrance - bound nucleus._________________________________________
•More complex than prokaryotic cells
•Hallmark is _compartmentalization_______________________________________
–Achieved through use of membrane-bound organelles and endomembrane system
•Possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure - 201.The Plasma Membrane •________________________________ Composed primarily of: •Phospholipids •Proteins •Semipermeable •Can increase permeability • Microvilli1.The Plasma Membrane
•_All cells have one_______________________________
Composed primarily of:
•Phospholipids
•Proteins
•Semipermeable
•Can increase permeability
• Microvilli - 21The entire region of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope.The Cytoplasm
- 222. The Cytoplasm •The entire region of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope Includes: •_____________________ •_____________________-gel-like part •70-80% water •___________________ •Various chemicals2. The Cytoplasm
•The entire region of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope
Includes:
•__Organelles___________________
•_Cytosol____________________-gel-like part
•70-80% water
•_Cytoskeleton___________________
•Various chemicals - 233. The Nucleus •Repository of the genetic information •__________ – region where ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place. •Nuclear envelope –2 phospholipid bilayers –_____________ – Control passage in and out. •In eukaryotes, the DNA is divided into multiple linear chromosomes –_____________________ is chromosomes + protein3. The Nucleus
•Repository of the genetic information
•Nucleolus – _region where ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place.
•Nuclear envelope
–2 phospholipid bilayers
–Nuclear pores – _Control passage in and out.
•In eukaryotes, the DNA is divided into multiple linear chromosomes
–_Chromatin____________________ is chromosomes + protein - 244. Ribosomes •_____________________________________________________. •Found in all cell types •Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-protein complex •Protein synthesis also requires messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) •Ribosomes may be free in cytoplasm or associated with internal membranes4. Ribosomes
•_Cell’s proteins synthesis machinery.
•Found in all cell types
•Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-protein complex
•Protein synthesis also requires messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)
•Ribosomes may be free in cytoplasm or associated with internal membranes - 25The Endomembrane System •____________________________________________________________________ •Divides cell into compartments where different cellular functions occur •One of the fundamental distinctions between eukaryotes and prokaryotes 5. The Endoplasmic ReticulumThe Endomembrane System
•_Series of membrances throughout the cytoplasm.___________________________________________________________________
•Divides cell into compartments where different cellular functions occur
•One of the fundamental distinctions between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
5. The Endoplasmic Reticulum - 26Series of membrances throughout the cytoplasm.The Endomembrane System
- 275. The Endoplasmic Reticulum •Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) –Attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a rough appearance –____________________________ to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane •Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) –Relatively few bound ribosomes –Variety of functions – __________________________________________5. The Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
–Attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a rough appearance
–_Synthesis of proteins________________ to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane
•Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
–Relatively few bound ribosomes
–Variety of functions – _lipid synthesis, store Ca +2, detoxification. - 286. The Golgi Apparatus •Flattened stacks of interconnected membranes (Golgi bodies) •Functions in ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ •cis and trans faces •Vesicles transport molecules to destination6. The Golgi Apparatus
•Flattened stacks of interconnected membranes (Golgi bodies)
•Functions in - packaging and distribution of molecules synthesized at one location and used to another within the cell or even outside of it.
•cis and trans faces
•Vesicles transport molecules to destination - 29•Flattened stacks of interconnected membranes (Golgi bodies).The Golgi Apparatus
- 307. Vesicles and Vacuoles •_Membrance - ________________________________________________________________. •Differences: •Vacuoles are larger than vesicles •The membranes of vesicles can fuse with other membrane systems within the cell •Types (ex.) •Transport vesicles •Central vacuole (in plants) •Contractile vacuoles7. Vesicles and Vacuoles
•_Membrance - bound sacs that function in storage and transport.
•Differences:
•Vacuoles are larger than vesicles
•The membranes of vesicles can fuse with other membrane systems within the cell
•Types (ex.)
•Transport vesicles
•Central vacuole (in plants)
•Contractile vacuoles - 31Membrance - bound sacs that function in storage and transport.Vesicles and Vacuoles
- 328.Lysosomes •______________________________________________________________. •Arise from Golgi apparatus •Enzymes catalyze breakdown of macromolecules •Destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis •Organelle recycling •Pathogen destruction8.Lysosomes
•_Membrance - bound digestive vesicles.
•Arise from Golgi apparatus
•Enzymes catalyze breakdown of macromolecules
•Destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis
•Organelle recycling
•Pathogen destruction - 33•_Membrance - bound digestive vesicles.Lysosomes
- 34Bacteria and Archaea: - both have no membrance-bound organelles. - both have no nucleus which means they're___________.Prokaryotes
- 35Eukarya - have a membrance-bound organelles. - have a nucleus. which means they're___________.Eukaryotes
- 36•Small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes •They carry out oxidation reactions that breakdown fatty acids and amino acids •They also detoxify many poisons that may enter the body.Peroxisomes
- 37Energy- related Organelles 1.)_______________- use solar energy to make sugars. •Photosynthesis 2.)________________- break down sugars to produce ATP. •Cellular respirationEnergy- related Organelles
1.) Chloroplasts- _use solar energy to make sugars.
•Photosynthesis
2.) Mitochondria -_break down sugars to produce ATP.
•Cellular respiration - 3810. Mitochondria •“ Powerhouse” of the cell (make ATP) •_________________________________________.•Bound by membranes –Outer membrane –Intermembrane space –Inner membrane has cristae –Matrix •Have their own DNA10. Mitochondria
•“ Powerhouse” of the cell (make ATP)
•_Found in ALL types of eukaryotic cells.___
•Bound by membranes
–Outer membrane
–Intermembrane space
–Inner membrane has cristae
–Matrix
•Have their own DNA - 39•“ Powerhouse” of the cell (make ATP) •Found in ALL types of eukaryotic cells. •Bound by membranes –Outer membrane –Intermembrane space –Inner membrane has cristae –Matrix •Have their own DNAMitochondria
- 4011. Chloroplasts •___________________________________ •Found in plants and other eukaryotes •Contain chlorophyll •___________________________________ •Surrounded by 2 membranes •Thylakoids are membranous sacs within the inner membrane (A THIRD MEMBRANE) –Grana are stacks of thylakoids –Stroma is the semifluid matrix •Have their own DNA11. Chloroplasts
•Photosynthesis.
•Found in plants and other eukaryotes.
•Contain chlorophyll
•light harvesting pigment.
•Surrounded by 2 membranes
•Thylakoids are membranous sacs within the inner membrane (A THIRD MEMBRANE)
–Grana are stacks of thylakoids
–Stroma is the semifluid matrix
•Have their own DNA - 41•Photosynthesis •Found in plants and other eukaryotes. •Contain chlorophyll •light harvesting pigment. •Surrounded by 2 membranes •Thylakoids are membranous sacs within the inner membrane (A THIRD MEMBRANE) –Grana are stacks of thylakoids –Stroma is the semifluid matrix •Have their own DNAChloroplasts
- 4212. The Centrosome •______________________________________________ –Important role in cell division •Animal cells and most protists have centrioles – pair of organelles •Plants and fungi usually lack centrioles12. The Centrosome
•_Microtubule - organizing center.
–Important role in cell division
•Animal cells and most protists have centrioles – pair of organelles
•Plants and fungi usually lack centrioles - 43•Microtubule - organizing center. –Important role in cell division •Animal cells and most protists have centrioles – pair of organelles •Plants and fungi usually lack centriolesThe Centrosome
- 4413. The Cytoskeleton •Network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells –Supports the shape of the cell –Keeps organelles in fixed locations –Allow others to move around •Dynamic system – _________________________________________________________________.13. The Cytoskeleton
•Network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells
–Supports the shape of the cell
–Keeps organelles in fixed locations
–Allow others to move around
•Dynamic system – Constantly forming and disassembling. - 45•Network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells –Supports the shape of the cell –Keeps organelles in fixed locations –Allow others to move around •Dynamic system – Constantly forming and disassembling.The Cytoskeleton
- 4614. The Cell Wall (Eukaryote) –Plants, fungi, and many protists –Different from prokaryote –Plants and protists – _____________. –Fungi – _________________________.14. The Cell Wall (Eukaryote)
–Plants, fungi, and many protists
–Different from prokaryote
–Plants and protists – _Cellulose.
–Fungi – _Chitin. - 4715. Extracellular matrix (ECM) •Animal cells lack cell walls •Secrete an elaborate mixture of glycoproteins into the space around them •_______________________most abundant. •______________________________________________________ •Integrins link ECM to cell’s cytoskeleton –Influence cell behavior15. Extracellular matrix (ECM)
•Animal cells lack cell walls
•Secrete an elaborate mixture of glycoproteins into the space around them
•_Collagen_ most abundant.
•_Form a protective layer over the cell surface._
•Integrins link ECM to cell’s cytoskeleton
–Influence cell behavior - 48Cell Movement •_________- Long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrance and are used to move an entire cell. •Few •Whiplike •__________ - Short, hair like structures that are used to move entire cells. •Many •Flagella and cilia share a common structural arrangement of microtubules •9+2Cell Movement
•Flagella - Long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrance and are used to move an entire cell.
•Few
•Whiplike
•Cilia- Short, hair like structures that are used to move entire cells.
•Many
•Flagella and cilia share a common structural arrangement of microtubules
•9+2 - 493 Types of Fibers ______________(actin filaments) - Two protein chains loosely twined together. - Movements like contraction, crawling, "pinching".Microfilaments (actin filaments)
- 503 Types of Fibers - Largest of the cytoskeletal elements. - Facilitate movement of cell and materials within cells.Microtubules
- 513 Types of Fibers ____________filaments - Between in size. - Very stable-usually not broken down.Intermediate filaments
- 52Connections between Cells: Intercellular junctions •Plants: •___________ - Specialized openings in cell walls. •Continuous cytoplasmPlasmodesmata
- 53Connections between Cells: Intercellular junctions •Animals: •__________________________ –Connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet – no leakageTight junction
- 54Connections between Cells: Intercellular junctions •Animals: •Anchoring junction/______________. –Mechanically attaches cytoskeletons of neighboring cells.Anchoring junction/Desmosomes
- 55Connections between Cells: Intercellular junctions •Animals: •________________. –channels between adjacent cells that allow for the transport and enable cells to communicateGap junction
- 56What about the other Kingdoms? •____________ •Very diverse •Usually single celled organisma •Many unique structuresProtista
- 57What about the other Kingdoms? •_________ •Hyphae-long filaments •Often multinucleateFungi
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- Karteikarten am General Biology - Chapter 4, erstellt von Octavia Pearson am 03/02/2018.
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