Karteikarten
Geography Coasts
Karten in diesem Stapel (33)
- 1How are waves formed?1) wind travelling across the sea creates friction
2)this causes the water to orbit
3)the circular motion forms waves
4)when the wave nears the shore and hits shallow water the base slows but the crest doesn’t so the wave steepens
5)the wave becomes too heavy and collapses on shore (swash) It then reclines due to gravity (backwash) - 2describe 3 features of a constructive wave1) has little energy
2) deposits material
3) has a stronger swash than backwash - 3describe 3 features of a destructive wave1) erodes the beach
2) have lots of energy
3) have a stronger backwash than swash - 4Define SWASHwaves coming up the beach and rushing when they break
- 5What is the wave length?the distance between two wave peaks
- 6what is the wave height?the distance between the crest and the trough
- 7Define FETCHthe distance the wind has travelled
- 8what is hydraulic action?water gets into lines of weakness and the air pockets explode applying pressure to the walls on the gap so it expands
- 9what is abrasion?rocks in the waves are thrown at the cliff and chip away the rock
- 10what is attrition?sharp rocks smash into other rocks and they become more rounded and smaller
- 11what is corrosion?when acid in the sea chemically reacts with minerals in the rock and dissolves them
- 12Define WEATHERINGthe removal of sediment by a process and the breaking down of rock
- 13Define BIOLOGICAL WEATHERINGwhen plants grow and push rocks apart or when animals burrow into rocks
- 14Define CHEMICAL WEATHERINGwhen acid rain dissolves the cliffs
- 15Define MECHANICAL WEATHERINGsalt weathering: when salt in sea water crystallises in cracks and holes then expand. The pressure causes rocks to flake and break off
freeze thaw: water collects in cracks and then freezes, expands and forces the crack to widen. The ice thaw contracts and the water gets deeper. This process repeated will eventually split the rock - 16when is a wave cut platform made?when the backwash carries rubble towards the sea
- 17what processes influence wave cut notch?hydraulic action
attrition - 18how are lines of weakness formed?from corrasion
- 19how is a cave formed?when hydraulic action expands and pushes lines of weakness apart and refracting waves target specific areas and erode them
- 20what can cause and arch to collapse?weathering
•freeze thaw
•acid rain - 21what causes a rock slide?when a large amount of rocks slides down a cliff along a fairly straight slip plane. The rock falls as a block maintaining contact with the cliff. The leading edge collects as a pile of rocks on the beach
•example : Portland, Dorset - 22when does a mud slide occur?when slopes are steep (over 10 degrees) and there is sparse vegetation to hold the soil in place. When the soil is heavily saturated (long rainfall) the soil liquifies and moves downhill
•example: Monmouth Beach, Lyme Regis - 23what caused a slump to occur?a slump has a concave slip plane so material is rotated backwards into the cliff face. Slumps occur after heavy rainfall and undercutting can weaken rock above
•example: Barton on Sea, Hampshire - 24what is wave refraction?when waves change direction due to wind and protect bay from waves energy and target one area with destructive waves (usually a headland)
- 25explain process of longshore drift1) the constructive waves come in the direction of the prevailing wind and move material up the beach
2) the backwash moves back down -by gravity- at a 45 degree angle, picking up deposited material
3) this process repeats and sediment is moved along the beach - 26what is hard engineering and its features?man-made structures to manage coastline
•more expensive
•soft coastlines are common areas of HE
•less environmentally friendly - 27what is soft engineering and its features?working with nature to protect coast
•restore a natural look
•normally used on hard coastlines - 28define: •gabions •rock armour •groynes •sea wallsgabions: cages of boulders built into the cliff fave and help absorb wave energy
rock armour: piles of rocks dumped at foot of cliff to absorb wave energy
groynes: timber or rock structures built out to sea and trap sediment to widen beach which acts as a buffer to incoming waves
sea walls: a concrete or rock barrier built at foot of cliff or top of beach. Its curved face reflects the waves back into the sea. - 29define •beach nourishment •dune regeneration •managed retreat •beach reprofillingbeach nourishment: adding sediment to beach from sea floor
dune regeneration: artificially creating new sand dunes along the coast to act as a buffer
managed retreat: allowing a section of land to flood that will become a salt marsh which acts as a natural flood barrier
beach reprofilling: changing the slope of beaches and coastlines to slow the rate of erosion - 30how many km of coastal management does swanage have?1.8km
- 31what coastal management is used in swanage?groynes
sea wall - 32what makes up the cliff in swanage?marl beds
- 33how much does the management in swanage cost?£2.2 million
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am Geography Coasts, erstellt von Ysabella Shaw am 15/02/2018.
- Erstellt von
- Ysabella Shaw
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