Karteikarten
Memory - Coding Capacity and Duration
Karten in diesem Stapel (42)
- 1what is coding?The format in which information is stored in various memory stores
- 2what is capacity?The amount of information that can be held in a memory store
- 3what is duration?The amount of time information can be stored
- 4What is short-term memory? STMLimited capacity memory store
Coding is mainly acoustic (sound)
Capacity is between 5 and 9 items on average 7+-
Duration is between 18 and 30 seconds - less than 1 minute - 5What is long term memoryPermanent memory store
Coding is mainly semantic (meaning)
Unlimited capacity
Duration: memories e.g. up to a lifetime - 6who did research into coding?Baddeley -i was always bad at coding
- 7Was his research into LTM or STM or BOTHBOTH
- 8What was his procedure?-four groups given different lists of word to remember
acoustically similar
acoustically dissimilar
semantically similar
semantically dissimilar
asked to recall the lists in order
Some were asked to recall immediatley STM
Some were asked to recall 20 minutes later LTM - 9What were the findings?Acoustically similar words remembered worse for STM
Semantically dissimilar words remembered worse for LTM - 10What does this suggest about coding?that it differs between STM and LTM
STm is coded acoustically and LTM is encoded semantically - 11Give an evaluation of Baddeley's StudyLIMITATION - artificial stimuli no meaning
Stimuli had no personal meaning
Cautious about generalising the findings to other memory tasks and the real world- people only try and remember things with meaning
When processing more meaningful- may used semantic - 12Who did research into STM capacity?Jacobs
- 13What are the two sub-divisions?Digit span
Span of memory and chunking - 14Was Jacobs research into LTM STM or BOTHSTM
- 15What was the aim?to develop a technique to measure digit span, letters adn numbers being read one at a tiem
- 16What was the procedure?Recall tested and then another digit added until participant cant recall the correct order
- 17What were the findings?Found the mean span for digits 9.3
Mean span for letters 7.3 - 18Give an evaluation for Jacobs?LIMITATION
conducted a long time ago 1887
lacked control of extraneous variables
participants might have been distracted - so not perform as well
Not as valuable- confounding variables not controlled - 19What do most recent results suggest?That the results are reliable as they have been repeated more recently
- 20Who did research into STM capacity?Miller
- 21How did he do this?BY span of memory and chunking
- 22What was the procedure?Study is a review of several studies
MAde observations of everyday practise
He noted that things come in sevens
7 notes o a music scale
7 days of the week... - 23What were the findings of the study?Suggests the capacity of the STM is about 7 items + or - 2
- 24What is used to increase capacity?chunking eg. number plates
- 25Give an evaluation for millers researchLIMITATION
Miller may have overestimated the capacity of STM - 26Give some contrasting research to millerCowan reviews other research and concluded the capacity as 4 chunks
- 27What does this suggest?THat the lower end of Millers estimate (5 items) is more appropriate than 7 items
- 28Who did research into STM duration?Peterson and Peterson
- 29What was the procedure?24 undergrad students
Given consonant syllable- trigrams to remember a 3 digit no
Aked to count backwards from a 3 digit number until told to stop
Counting back prevents mental rehearsal
(would increase the student's memory) - 30When were they told to stop?AFter different amounts of time
After 3 6 9 12 15 or 18 seconds
THis is called the retention interval - 31What were the findings of the study?after 3 seconds, recall was about 80 %
after 18 seconds, about 3% - 32WHat does this suggest?Suggests that STM has a duration of less than 18 seconds if maintenance rehearsal is prevented
- 33WHat is maintenance rehersal?Verbally repeating an item to keep it in memory
- 34GIve an evaluation of Peterson and PetersonLIMITATION
stimulus material was artificial
does not reflect real life where what we are trying to remember is meaningful
lacked ecological or external validity
do sometimes remember meaningless things phone numbers- so not completely irrelevant - 35Who did research into LTM duration?Bahrick
- 36AimRecognition test of faces or free recall of names from high school yearbook
- 37Procedurenearly 400 participants aged 17-74
America Ohio
Obtained yearbook
TEsted in 2 ways:
Photo recognition test of 50 photos from participants high school yearbooks
and
free recall test of listing all the names they could remember from their graduating class - 38FIndingsFacial recognition
after 48 years 70%
free recall not as good
15 years 60% accurate
dropping 30% after 48 years - 39ConclusionLTM can last a very long time
- 40Give a strength evaluation in Bahricks studyHigh external and temporal validity
Real life meaningful memories
Downside real life- confounding variables are not controlled
Bahrick's participants have looked at their yearbook photos and rehearsed - 41Give a contrasting studyShepard did the same as Bahrick with lab study and meaningless pictures and recall rates were lower
- 42Give a limitationRehearsal may explain the results
Some may have looked at the yearbooks regularly and that is why rehearsal was so good
rehearsal will be acting as an extraneous variable
Some results not due to LTM
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- Karteikarten am Memory - Coding Capacity and Duration, erstellt von Lara Davies am 20/04/2018.
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