Karteikarten
Policy Decisions
Karten in diesem Stapel (16)
- 1The hard part of coastal management is the decision-making process- who is coastal management in the UK overseen by?Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
- 2Since it introduced SMPs in 1995- what 4 policies are available for management?1) No Active Intervention- coast allowed to erode landward/flood
2) Hold the Line- build/maintain defences
3) Managed/Strategic Realignment- allow coastline to move naturally but manage process to direct to certain areas
4) Advance the Line- new defences on seaward side of existing coastline which usually involves land reclamation - 3How do SMPs plan for the future? How might rising sea levels affect the hold the line policy?Use 3 time periods called EPOCHS which are:
Up to 2025, 2025-55 and beyond 2055
Much more expensive to apply- a hold the line policy applied up to 2025 may become managed realignments policy after 2025 - 4What are these policy decision based on?Complex judgements
- 5COMPLEX JUDGEMENTS: -What two types of value come into this?-Economic value of assets that could be protected (HOLDERNESS- Easington- see case study)
-Cultural and ecological land value- historic sites and areas of unusual biodiversity, despite their questionable economic value - 6- What feasibility needs to be considered?-Engineering/technical feasibility of solutions- may not be possible to hold the line for mobile depositional features-spits or very unstable cliffs
- 7-How do social reasons play a part in the complex judgements? EXAMPLE-Pressure from communities-vocal local campaigning can get results (Mappleton-protected in 1990s despite village being valued at £650,000)
- 8-What type of sensitivity needs to be considered?-Environmental
- 9-From a political perspective why might protection from erosion and flooding be forthcoming despite an economic case not being made?-Because of the political difficulty of the TV news showing pictures of home falling into the sea
- 10What else is used as part of the decision making process?Assessments
- 11What does COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS help to decide? What does it often prove?Whether defending a coastline is 'worth-it'
Very controversial - 12What is the value of a property dependent on?How at risk it is
- 13What 2 types of costs can be very hard to quantify in financial terms?Human costs (worry/stress)
Environmental costs (value of biodiversity and scenic beauty) - 14CASE STUDY: Happisburgh North Norfolk- cost-benefit analysisSee QUIZ
- 15What 2 things does the ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT aim to identify?1) Short-term impacts on the coastal environment of construction
2) Long-term impacts- building sea defences/changing from hold the line to no active intervention/managed realignment - 16What does the EIA assess? -Changes -Water (2) -Wider impacts (2)-Possible changes to flora and fauna including marine plants, fish, shellfish and marine mammels
-Impacts on water quality
-Impacts on water movement-hydrology, sediment flow-can affect marine ecosystems-changes in sediment load
-Air quality and noise pollution mainly during construction
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- AS level Geography Karteikarten am Policy Decisions, erstellt von Hana Konig am 27/04/2018.
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