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Biosynthesis of Natural Products
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- 1What components are lipids made out of?Glycerol and straight-chain fatty acids
- 2How are lipids biosynthesised?Condensation and reduction of acetyl coA
- 3What main enzymes are used to synthesise fatty acids?Multi-domain fatty acid synthases, such as ketosynthase
- 4What enzymes are used to modify fatty acid chains?Elongases (length), desaturases (unsaturated)
- 5What enzymes tailor fatty acids into waxes and esters?Acyltransferase
- 6What other examples of acyl-CoAs are there? Give the amino acids they're derived from and their branch structure.1. Isovaleryl, from leucine (iso-branched)
2. 2-methylbutyryl, from isoleucine (anteiso-branched)
3. Propionyl, from threonine (odd-chain)
4. Isobutyryl, from valine (iso-branched) - 7How are polyketides recognisable?Heavily cyclised
1,3 pattern of oxygen atoms
Alternating double bonds - 8How are polyketides biosynthesised?Condensation and reduction of acyl-CoA, though the degree of reduction and the acyl-CoA used differs from lipids
- 9Which two main enzymes are used to biosynthesise polyketides?Polyketide synthases (PKS)
1. Type 1 PKS = multidomain
2. Type 2 PKS = multi-enzymatic - 10Which five tailoring enzymes make further modifications to polyketides?Cyclases
Acyltransferases
Methyltransferases
Oxygenases
Glycosyltransferase - 11What are peptides made out of?Derived from 20 naturally-occurring amino acids and a carboxylic acid
- 12How are peptides identifiable?Amide bonds
- 13How are peptides biosynthesised?Ribosomally -> Structural gene
Non-ribosomally -> NR peptide synthase - 14What 2 tailoring enzymes modify peptides?Oxidases, transferases
- 15What are terpenoids composed of?Isoprenyl pyrophosphates
- 16How are terpenes recogniseable?Repeating isoprene units (5n)
- 17Which two biosynthetic pathways are terpenoids made from?Mevalonate pathway from ACoA
MEP pathway from glycolysis - 18Give an example of a monoterpene and a tetraterpeneMonoterpene: limonene
Tetraterpene: Astaxanthin (carotenoid) - 19Which enzymes biosynthesise terpenoid precursors?Isoprenyl phosphate synthases
- 20Which enzymes biosynthesise individual terpenes?Terpene synthases
- 21Which tailoring enzymes modify terpenes?Terpene cyclases
Oxygenases - 22How are phenylpropanoids recognisable?Propylbenzene units
1,2 pattern of oxygen atoms - 23Give an example of a phenylpropanoid?Flavonoids, found in fruit and vegetables
- 24Which biosynthetic pathway are phenylpropanoids synthesised from?Shikimate pathway, to form aromatic amino acids
- 25How are alkaloids recognisable?Non-amide nitrogen atoms present
- 26How are alkaloids biosynthesised?Amino acid biosynthesis
Nucleobases - 27Which enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of alkaloids?Decarboxylases
- 28Give examples of alkaloidsNicotine, morphine, mescaline
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- Beschreibung
- For the module: Natural Products & Biotechnology, in which understanding of natural product biosynthesis is required.
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