Karteikarten
Key Vocabulary Chapter 6
Karten in diesem Stapel (43)
- 1ConditioningProcess of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses
- 2Classical ConditioningLearning through involuntarily paired associations; it occurs when a perviously neutral stimulus (NS) is paired (associated) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR)
- 3Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)Stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) without previous conditioning
- 4Unconditioned Response (UCR)Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that occurs without previous conditioning
- 5Neutral Stimulus (NS)Stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest
- 6Conditioned Stimulus (CS)Perviously neutral stimulus that through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) now elicits a conditioned response (CR)
- 7Conditioned Response (CR)Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that occurs because of previous repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- 8Conditioned Emotional Response (CEP)Classically conditioned emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus (NS)
- 9LearningRelatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes due to experience
- 10AcquisitionBasic classical conditioning when a neutral stimulus (NS) is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) so that the NS comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR)
- 11Stimulus GeneralizationStimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus (CS) elicit a conditioned response (CR)
- 12Stimulus DiscriminationOnly the conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits the conditioned response (CR)
- 13ExtinctionGradual disappearance of a conditioned response (CR) occur when unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is withheld whenever the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented
- 14Spontaneous RecoverySudden temporary reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR)
- 15Higher-Order ConditioningNeutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) through repeated pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus (CS)
- 16Operant ConditioningLearning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences:
Increases behavioral tendencies
punishments decreases them - 17ReinforcementStrengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur
- 18PunishmentWeakens a response and makes it less likely to recur
- 19Law of EffectThorndike's rule that the probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when it is followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence
- 20Primary ReinforcersStimuli that increase the probability of a response because they satisfy an unlearned biological need
e.g. food, water, and sex - 21Secondary ReinforcersStimuli that increase the probability of a response because of their learned value
- 22Positive ReinforcementAdding (or presenting) a stimulus, thereby strengthening a response and making it more likely to recur
- 23Negative ReinforcementTaking away (or removing) a stimulus thereby strengthening a response and making it more likely to recur
- 24Premack PrincipleUsing a naturally occurring high-frequency response to reinforce and increase low-frequency responses
- 25Continuous ReinforcementEvery correct response is reinforced
- 26Partial (Intermittent) ReinforcementSome but not all correct responses are reinforced
- 27Fixed Ratio (FR) ScheduleReinforcement occurs after a predetermined set of responses the ratio (number or amount) is fixed
- 28Variable Ratio (VR) ScheduleReinforcement occurs unpredictably the ratio (number or amount) varies
- 29Variable Interval (VI) ScheduleReinforcement occurs unpredictably the interval (time) varies
- 30ShapingReinforcement delivered for successive approximations if the desired response
- 31Positive PunishmentAdding a stimulus thereby weakening a response and making it less likely to recur
- 32Negative PunishmentTaking away a stimulus weakening a response and making it less likely to recur
- 33Discriminative StimulusCue signaling when a specific response will lead to the expected reinforcement
- 34Cognitive-Social TheoryEmphasize the roles of thinking and social learning in behavior
- 35InsightSudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution
- 36Cognitive MapMental image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated
- 37Latent LearningHidden learning that exists without behavioral signs
- 38Observational LearningLearning new behaviors or information by watching and imitating others (also known as social learning or modeling)
- 39Mirror NeuronsBrain cells that fire both when performing specific actions and when observing specific actions or emotions of another. This "mirroring" may explain empathy, imitating, language, and the emotional deficits of some mental disorders
- 40Taste AversionClassically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness
- 41Biological PreparednessBuilt-in (innate) readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses
- 42Instinctive DriftConditioned responses shift (or drift) back toward innate response patterns
- 43BiofeedbackInvoluntary bodily process (such as blood pressure or heart rate) is recorded, and the information is fed back to an organism to increase voluntary control over bodily function
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- N/A Psychology 101 (Chapter 6: Learning) Karteikarten am Key Vocabulary Chapter 6, erstellt von kristina.krozak am 08/01/2015.
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