Karteikarten
Antimicrobial Concepts
Karten in diesem Stapel (33)
- 1What are the four quadrants of spectrum?Gram + Aerobic
Gram - Aerobic
Gram + Anaerobic
Gram - Anaerobic - 2What is the mechanism of action of bacteriostatic drugs?-inhibit protein synthesis or metabolism
-prevents further cell division without killing the bacteria
-normal host defense mechanism must participate - 3How do bacteriostatic drugs react with other drugs?-can antagonize select bactericidal drugs
-can become bactericidal if given in high doses or combined with select agents - 4What is the mechanism of action of bactericidal drugs?kill the bacteria
-cell wall synthesis inhibitors, DNA gyrase inhibition, DNA degradation during replication, membrane disruption - 5Why can bactericidals cause superinfections?they are more likely to kill off normal flora than bacteristatics
- 6What is the process of a Kirby Bauer test?-add antibiotic impregnated discs to the surface of a bacterial agar plate
-the drug diffuses on contact with agar
-size of the zone of inhibition of growth predicts sensitivity
-BUT. difficult to quality control - 7Why might a 96-well Format Microtiter Plate be a better test than Kirby Bauer when determining sensitivity?-broth concentrations parallel serum concentrations, making it a better model than KB
-uses dehydrated antimicrobials, which increases shelf-life
-able to test a far greater number of drugs/drug concentrations
-Quality control relatively easy, results are reliable - 8Explain the use and process of an E-test-Enables testing of a single preferred drug for multiple organisms at a lower cost
-Measure where the zone intersects the strip
-Useful for fastidious organisms that grow poorly in broth - 9What data is needed to establish a a breakpoint?Epidemiological: fit within the limits of clusters of susceptible and resistant bacterial populations
Pharmacological: upper limit for susceptibility must be lower than levels that may be achieved in sera or tissues
Clinical: the susceptible population should respond clinically and reasonably correlated to in vivo results - 10What are reasons an organism may be intrinsically resistant to a drug?-they lack the target
-they have an altered target
-the drug cannot enter the organism
-an efflux mechanism pumps the drug back out
-an alternate metabolic route is used by the organism - 11Why might an antimicrobial be placed into group D?-contraindication
-residues
-drug of last resort for humans - 12List the 6 basics of antibiogram design1. Analyze and prepare an antibiogram AT LEAST anually
2. include only final verified results
3. include only species with data for 30+ isolates
4. Include only diagnostic isolates (not surveillance isolates)
5. Do not include duplicates from the same patient
6. Report the % S for agents that are routinely tested and reported - 13What is the value of MIC90 Tables?-Make more informed empirical tx decisions
-Earlier tx to reduce losses
-Represent a continuum; not a cutoff
-You know you can have 90% likelihood of success treating with this antibiotic - 14What 3 types of antimicrobial agents work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis?Penicillins
Carbapenems
Monobactams - 15What are narrow spectrum penicillins?Penicilin G
Penicillin V - 16What are common aminopenicillins?Ampicillin
Amoxicillin - 17What are common penicillinase-resistant / antistaphylococcal penicillins?Nafcillin
Methicillin
Oxacillin - 18What are common extended spectrum penicillins?Piperacillin
Ticarcillin - 19What are common B-lactamase inhibitors?Clavulanic ACid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam - 20What is a common carbapenem?Imipenem
- 21What is a common monobactem?Aztreonam
- 22What is the MoA of penicillin?-Bind to transpeptidases [penicillin binding proteins] and inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis
-inhibiting transpeptidases destabilizes cell wall - 23Are B-lactams bacteriostatic or bactericidal?Bactericidal
- 24Why are B-lactamase inhibitors combined with penicillin?B-lactamase inhibitors extend the spectrum of penicillin to include bacteria that express B-lactamases
- 25What is the MoA of Carbapenems?Same as penicillin-bind to transpeptidases and inhibit cell wall synthesis
- 26When are monobactams used?-Only active against aerobic GNR
-given in place of aminoglycoside for very narrow coverage of aerobic GNR like E. Coli - 27Give common 1st and 3rd generation cephalosporinsFirst: cefazolin, cephalexin
Third: ceftiofur, ceftazidime, cefovecin, ceftriaxone - 28How do cephalosdporins compare to penicillins?Cephalosporins are
-less sensitive to GI amidases
-less sensitive to bacterial B-lactamases
-less sensitive to alkalinity
-resistant to acidity - 29What drugs are inhibitors of ribosomal 30s subunit?Aminoglycosides
Tetracycline - 30What drugs are inhibitors of ribosomal 50S subunit?Macrolides
Lincosamides
Phenicols - 31What are common macrolides?Group A: Tulathromycin, Tilmicosin
Group B: Erythromycin
Group C: Tylosin - 32Are macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?Bacteriostatic
- 33What are common types of Lincosamides?Lincomycin
Clindamycin
Pirlimycin
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- Beschreibung
- Vet Med VM607 (Antimicrobials) Karteikarten am Antimicrobial Concepts , erstellt von Katherine Havighorst am 24/10/2019.
- Erstellt von
- Katherine Havighorst
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