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- 1Duration of the STMPeterson and Peterson (1959).
Ø Lab exp - gave participants random trigrams, a number to count backward from.
2% recall 18 seconds, 90% recall after 3 seconds.
Ø STM estimated 20 seconds.
Ø Evaluation:
Low eco validity: tasks not like those in real life
Low int validity: numbers may have displaced the trigram, rather than it just being used as a distraction task - 2Duration of LTMBahrick et al (1975)
Ø Asked participants to put name to picture from their school yearbook. 70% recall.
Ø LTM lasts potentially a lifetime - from 2 hours to a lifetime. - 3Capacity of the STMØ Miller researched from previous evidence and studies.
Found capacity is 7+-2 chunks.
Ø Can increase capacity of STM by chunking, we remember things better if it is grouped together - 4Encoding in STM and LTMBaddeley (1966)
Ø Lab exp - told participants acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar and semantically dissimilar words.
Ø Participants' recall for acoustically similar words in the STM was the poorest, recall of semantically similar words in the LTM was the worst.
Ø STM encodes mainly acoustically, but also visually and LTM encodes semantically.
Ø What does this tell us about we encode in STM and LTM?
STM- acoustically LTM- semantically - 5Why do P.P. perform worse when words are acoustically similar?Ø The P.P. would get confused because the words sound practically the same
- 6What does this tell us about we encode in STM and LTM?Ø STM- acoustically LTM- semantically
- 7Multi-store modelØ Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968).
Ø Environmental stimuli - Sensory Memory - Attention - Short term memory - elaborative rehearsal - Long term memory - 8Strengths:Ø Sperling (1960) – gave participants grid of digits and numbers. Asked to record whole grid or a row.
Results better when recalling row – shows memory in the sensory memory decays rapidly and that there is a store which stores memory for only 50 milliseconds which is the sensory memory.
Ø Easily replicated for retesting in order to check and update its results. - 9Weaknesses:Ø Unitary Stores - KF (1970), could process visual information fine but difficulty processing verbal information - shows different parts of the short term memory. LTM is also not a unitary store - evidence from amnesiac patients such as HM who could still use their procedural memory (for skills), but not episodic or semantic memory - shows different parts of the long term memory.
Ø The transfer between the STM and LTM is not just about attention, but about how deep the processing is - Craik and Tulving did an experiment to find that words that required deeper processing than other words were better remembered by participants than the words that would require less processing. - 10The Working Memory ModelØ Baddeley and Hitch (1974).
Ø Central executive - controls and coordinates all mental functions in the brain (slave systems).
Ø Phonological loop - encodes speech which involves maintenance rehearsal
Ø Phonological store: stores the speech sounds.
Ø Articulatory process: process that rehearses the speech.
Ø Visuo-spatial sketchpad - encodes visual information:
Ø Visual cache - stores visual information about form and colour.
Ø Inner scribe - deals with spatial information, movement and rehearses information in the cache.
Ø Episodic buffer - receives input from many sources and constructs a mental episode of what is happening at the moment. - 11StrengthsØ Emphasises process of remembering and has much more detail on the STM than the multi-store model.
Ø Findings can easily be tested and re-tested so scientists can always test to see if it is still correct.
Ø Evidence from brain damaged participants -
KF suffered brain damage from motorcycle accident that damaged his STM. KF's impairment was mainly for verbal information - his memory for visual information was largely unaffected.
This shows there are separate STM components for visual information (VSS) and verbal information (phonological loop). - 12Weaknesses:Ø Evidence from brain-damaged patients may not be reliable because those are unique cases, may be difficult to generalise these results.
Ø Central executive vaguely defined and may consist of separate components.
Ø Only STM described in detail and not LTM. Therefore, not a comprehensive model.
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