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LCD 101 Final Study Cards
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- 1Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis-people view the world in the way they speak so depending on the language
- 2Linguistic Determinism- the idea that our language determines how we perceive and think about the world
-theory is thought to be false because we can describe things we don't have words for - 3Linguistic Relativism-different languages have distinct semantic categories so speakers think about the world in various ways
ex: In Navajo there is only one word for blue & green - 4Grammaticality- refers to whether sentences are structurally correct which is determined by a native speaker, syntax-related, not semantics-related, must be acceptable to the native speaker
ex: The dog boy hugged (wrong) - 5Direct ObjectD.O
-answers the question what or who? in sentence
ex: (David) repaired his car - 6Indirect Object-answers the question to who, for who, for what?
-is the recipient of the direct object, who is given the D.O, can't exist without it
-is the affected person/thing in event
ex: They sent (him) the letter - 7Phrase Structure Grammar- is how we describe the structure of sentences
- a unit having 2 or more words is called a phrase
- a noun phrase NP + a verb phrase VP = sentence
ex: a boy NP
*Rules
S NP VP
NP (Det) (Adj+) N (PP)
VP V (NP) (PP)
PP P NP - 8Grammatical Relations/Functions- some verbs need to be followed by semantic features, animate objects
ex: I like ___. - 9Transitive verb- take an object
-can be made passive
ex: He (weighs) his sister - 10Intransitive Verb- don't take object
- can't be passive
ex: (It weighs) 25 pounds - 11Domination of a phrase-a phrase that is inside of a larger phrase
e: The playful cats scared the timid dogs - 12Independent Clause- a group of words that contains a subject and a verb
-expresses a complete thought
-a grammatically correct sentence
ex: Mary eat cake - 13Dependent Clause- has a subject and verb but is not a complete thought
-can't stand alone
ex: Because it feels right - 14Compound sentence- independent clause + independent clause ex: Miguel sings the tenor part and Sara sings the soprano.
- 15Modals- helping verbs: can, may might, could, should, shall, will
- 16Subordinatorswhen, while in order, to, because after, since, unless
- 17Aspect-grammatical category that shows temporal features like duration, frequency and completion
- is indicated by complex tenses which are composed by an auxiliary verb and a main verb
* 2 types: Progressive and Perfect - 18Simple Present Tense- sense of timelessness
-general facts
-describes characteristics, emotions, states and senses
ex: Mary (eats) well - 19Present Progressive Tense- shows the ongoing nature of an event
- event is occurring at the time of speaking
ex: Jamie (is washing) the floor
BE + Present Participle - ING - 20Past Progressive Tense- describes ongoing events/actions in the past
-used to describe an event in the past that another event/action interrupted
ex: She (was driving) home, when the rain started - 21Simple Past Tense- describes completed actions/events
- 22Past Perfect Tense-usually used with past tense VP
-compares 2 past events
ex: She (had called) before I left - 23Present Perfect Tensehave + past participle
-used for indefinite time
-describes actions that have started in the past and extend into the present or possible future
ex: Sue (has walked) - 24Future tense- English technically has no future tense, it uses phrases like tomorrow, will and going to for indicating future time
- 25Formula for Progressive (Continuous) Aspect- PROG = BE + ING
PERF = HAVE + -ED - 26Deep Structure-is where the meaning is established
- 27Surface Structure- is what you actually hear or say
- 28Affix Hopping-en changes to "be" becomes been, -ing changes to "smurgle" becomes smurgling
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- Karteikarten am LCD 101 Final Study Cards, erstellt von Laura Valencia am 21/05/2020.
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