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- 1Target populationthe larger population to which to study will be generalize to
- 2research rationalis the logical argument that shows how and why the question was developed, and provides the theoretical framework by explaining the constructs and mechanisms behind the question
- 3variablesare characteristics that can be manipulated or observed, and take on different quantitative or qualitative values
- 4independent variablepredictor variable. The variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher
- 5dependant variableis the outcome/predicted variable. A response that is presumed to vary based on the independent variable
- 6levelsthe value or classification of the independent variable
- 7conceptual definitionsare the dictionary definition for variables that describe them without reference to their methological use in the study
- 8operational definitiondefine a variable according to its unique meaning within and use in study, how dependent variable will be measured and how independent variables will be manipulated
- 9deductive hypothesisare based on theoretical premise and allow for clinicians to predict what outcomes would be expected under a given set of conditions
- 10inductive hypothesisare based on trends, patterns or relationships observed in clinical practice
- 11primary sourcesare descriptions of studies presented by someone other than the author
- 12sampling biasbias that occurs when individuals that are selected for a sample overrepresent/underrepresent the underlying population characteristic related to the phenomena being studied
- 13inclusion criteriathe primary traits of the target and accessibility population what will qualify someone as a potential participant
- 14exclusion criteriathe factor/traits that would preclude someone from being a participant in the study
- 15simple random selectionevery member of the population has equal opportunity of being selected
- 16systematic samplinga probability sampling method in which participants are selected from lists of the accessible population members using specified intervals such as every tenth person
- 17stratified random samplingsampling whereby relevant population characteristics are identified and the members are grouped into homogeneous based on there characteristics
- 18Disporportional samplingis where random samples of adequate size are selected from each category, then perform statistical weighing of the data so that the underrepresented strata is represented accordingly in the data
- 19cluster samplinga from of probability sampling in which large subgroups are randomly selected first, then smaller units from these clusters are successively chosen
- 20nonprobability samplesa sample that was not selected using random selection, therefore each member of the population doesn't have an equal chance of being selected
- 21convenient samplinga non probability sampling procedure that is characterized by selection of the most available participants for ease of accessibility
- 22quota samplingin a nonprobability sampling method that uses stratification to obtain representative portions of specific subgroups
- 23purposive samplingis a non probability sampling method in which the researcher purposely selects the participants on the basis of specific criteria that will be representative of the population
- 24snowball samplinga non probability sampling method in which participants are successively recruited by referrals from other participants
- 25extraneous/intervening variablea variable that confounds the relationship between the independent and dependent variable
- 26active variablesare those with levels that can be manipulated and assigned to by the experimenter in order for the participants to be exposed to the different levels of the study's independent variables
- 27attribute variablesare independent variables with levels that cannot be manipulated or assigned to by the experimenter, but that represent participant characteristics (age and sex)
- 28Intention to treat (ITT)is a principle whereby data are analyzed according to original random group assignment, regardless of how subjects actually completed the study
- 29last observation carried forwardis a method where the subject's last data point before drop out is used as the outcome
- 30independent factoran independent variable in which the levels represent independent groups of subjects
- 31within subject factoran independent variable for which subjects act as their own control, all subjects are exposed to all levels of the variable
- 32analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)is a statistical procedure used to compare two or more treatment groups while controlling for the effect of one or more confounding variable
- 33statistical conclusion validityconcerns the validity of conclusion drawn from statistical analyses based on the proper application of statistical tests and principles
- 34internal validityis the degree to which the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is free from the effects of extraneous factors
- 35history effectthe confounding effect of specific events other than the experimental treatment that occur after the introduction of the independent variable, or between pretest and posttest, and can affect the dependent variable (internal validity)
- 36matruation effecta threat to internal validity in which changes occur in the dependent variable as a result of the passing time
- 37attrition/experimental mortality effecta threat to internal validity, it refers to the differential loss of participants during the course of data collection, potentially introducing bias by changing the composition of the sample
- 38testing effectthe potential effect of pretesting or repeated testing on the dependent variable, it is the effect where a test itself is responsible for observed changes in the measured variable (internal validity
- 39instrumentation effectsare a threat to internal validity in which bias is introduced by an unreliable or inaccurate measurement system
- 40regression toward the mean/statistical regressionis a statistical phenomena in which scores on a pretest are likely to move toward the group mean on a posttest because of inherent positive or negative measurement (internal validity)
- 41selection interaction/biasis a threat to internal validity for multiple groups in which bias is introduced by initial differences between groups, and when the difference are not random
- 42social threatssocial threats to internal validity refer to the pressure that can occur in research settings that result in differences in groups due to the different interaction of participants with investigators.
- 43construct validity of cause and effectsis a design validity related to the operational definitions of the independent and dependent variables, which determine the degree to which a theoretical construct is measured by an instrument/experiment
- 44constructsare abstract behaviours/events that cannot be directly observed but inferred from other relevant observable variables
- 45hawthorne effectthe tendency of person singled out for special attention to perform better merely because they are being observed
- 46experimenter biasare biases present in research data because of active or passive behaviours, expectations or attitudes of those collecting the data
- 47external validityis the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized beyond the internal specification of the study sample
- 48clinical trialsare experimental studies that examine the effect of interventions on patient or community populations
- 49true experimentalinvolves random assignment of participants to one of at least two comparison groups
- 50randomized controlled trialsare experimental studies in which participants are randomly assigned to groups and a clinical treatment is compared with a control condition
- 51between subject designsare when participants are assigned to independent groups using a randomization procedure and the comparison is between independent groups
- 52randomized block designis when participants are first classified according to an attribute variable and the randomized to treatment groups
- 53within subject designis a design in which the participants act as their own control by receiving all forms of intervention variable
- 54one way deisgnsare experimental or quasi experimental designs that involve only one independent variable, no limit on dependent
- 55pretest posttest control group designis a design involving a pretest prior to intervention and a posttest following the intervention. It compares the results of a treatment group(s) with a control group that receives no treatment or a placebo
- 56posttest only control group designis a design in which only one measurement is take fowlling treatment for both experimental and control gropus
- 57factorial designinvolves two or more independent variables and allows for the interpretation of main effects and interaction effects
- 58randomized block designis where on IV is an attribute variable that is incorporated into the study's design and is crossed with an active IV, resulting in homogenous blocks of subjects who are randomly assigned to levels of the other IV
- 59Nested designsare multi factor designs in which one variable is unable to be crossed with other variables
- 60repeated measure designis a design in which the participants act as their own control: every participant is exposed to all levels of the IV
- 61order effectare the sequential effect of one participants being exposed to several treatments in the same order, potentially manifested as carryover or practice effects
- 62crossover designis a repeated measure design used to control order effects when comparing two treatments/two levels of an IV: half of the sample receive treatment A followed by treatment B, while the other half receive the opposite sequence
- 63washout periodthe period of time between administration of two treatments, allowing for the effects of the experimental treatment to dissipate
- 64a mixed/split plot designis a one that incorporates independent variables that are independent and repeated factors
- 65efficacyis defined as the benefit of an intervention compared to a control or standard program under controlled experimental conditions
- 66effectivenessrefers to the benefits and use of procedure in the "real world" conditions
- 67Quasi designsa method of comparative research in which subjects cannot be either randomly assigned to groups or it isn't possible to use control groups
- 68one group pretest posttest designare quasi experimental designs that involve one set of repeated measurements take before and after treatment of one group of subjects only
- 69Time series designare quasi design in which performance changes are assessed over time, prior to and following the administration of treatment. These changes are documented by the application of multiple measurements before and after treatment in order to document patterns or trends of behaviour
- 70nonequivalent pretest posttest control group designis a quasi design similar to the pretest posttest experimental design except that the subjects are not assigned to groups randomly
- 71historical controlsare non concurrent subjects from previous research studies that serve as control for experimental subject in a subsequent study
- 72non equivalent posttest only control group design/static group comparisonis a quasi design that can be expanded to include any number of treatment levels with or without a control group
- 73aptitude treatment interaction design (ATI)the concept that some instructional strategies are more or less effective for particular individuals depending upon their specific abilities
- 74single subject/case designare an experimental model on time series data collected from one or more participants that is compared across baseline
- 75stabilitythe consistency of response over time
- 76trend/variableslope, the rate of change in a behaviour
- 77withdrawal designis a single subject design that involves withdrawal of the intervention in order to provide experimental control
- 78A-B-A designreplicates a second baseline after the intervention
- 79A-B-A-Bbegins with an initial baseline and ends on an intervention phase, with withdrawal occurring between them
- 80multiple baseline design across behaviourexamines the effect of one intervention on several related clinical behaviours
- 81multiple baseline design across subjectsexamine one intervention applied to the same target behaviour across three or more individuals who share common relevant traits
- 82multiple baseline design across conditionsexamines one behaviour monitored on one participant with the same treatment applied sequently across two or more environmental conditions
- 83non concurrent multiple baseline designis used when similar participants are not available for concurrent observation
- 84observational studiesare those that do not involve an intervention and the manipulation of an IV
- 85exploratory researchexamines collected data in order to determine relationships among variables (observational)
- 86prospective researchis that which is designed to collect data after the development of the research question (exploratory)
- 87retrospective researchis that which analyzes observations that were collected in the past (exploratory)
- 88longitudinal researchis that which collects data over time by performing repeated measurements at prescribed intervals, usually for the purpose of describing developmental changes in a particular group/cohort of participants
- 89cross sectional studiesare those based on the observations of different age or developmental groups of participants at one point in time, providing the basis for inferring trends over time
- 90cohort effectsaren't age specific but due to the generation or time of birth
- 91correlational researchis a descriptive research approach that explores the relationship among variables without active manipulation of variables by the researcher
- 92predictive correlational studiesare designs that are meant to predict a behaviour or response based on the observed relationship between that behaviour and other variables
- 93case control studyis a design in analytic epidemiology in which the investigator selects participants on the basis of either having or not having a particular disease and then determines their previous exposure
- 94selection biasthreat to internal validity in which differences occur between groups because of initial differences between participants that are not random due to deliberate selection
- 95misclassification errorwhen participants are put in the wrong category
- 96observation biasoccurs when there is a systematic difference in the way information about the disease or exposure is obtained from the study
- 97Cohort/follow up studiesare an observation design in which a specific group is followed over time. Participants are classified according to whether they do or don't have a particular risk factor or exposure and are followed to determine disease outcome
- 98dose response relationshipseverity of the disease can be associated with varying levels of the exposure
- 99methodological researchis that which is designed to develop or refine procedure for measuring variables, generally focusing on reliability and validity
- 100historical researchis that which seeks to examine relationships and facts based on documentation of past events
- 101external criticismestablishes the authenticity of the data: that they were written by the ascribed author and are unaltered
- 102internal criticismexamines the truth/worth of the materials content within the context of the research question
- 103secondary analysisis an approach to research involving the use of data that were collected for another purpose, usually for the purpose of testing a new hypothesis
- 104descriptive reserachis that which is aimed to document the factors that describe characteristics, behaviours and conditions of individuals and groups
- 105Developmental researchinvolves the description of developmental changes and sequencing of behaviours in people over time
- 106Natural historyrefers to the longitudinal study of a disease/disorder, demonstrating the typical progress of the disorder
- 107Normative researchis a descriptive research approach designed to determine normal values for specific variables within a population
- 108logical positivismwhere human experience is assumed to be limited to logical and controlled relationship between specific measurable variables: things are directly measurable and can be quantified numerically, while things that can't be measured quantitatively and not real
- 109reductionismthe complexity of the world can be reduced down to a finite number of predictable relationships
- 110qualitative researchis that which seeks to describe the complex nature of humans and how individuals perceive their own experiences within a specific social context
- 111naturalistic inquiryqualitative observation and interaction with participants within their natural environment
- 112phenomenologyis an approach to qualitative research that involves studying and drawing meaning from complex human experience/phenomena as they are actually lived
- 113ethnographyis an approach to qualitative research in which the experiences, attitudes and behaviours of a specific group within their own cultural milieu are studied
- 114grounded theoryis an approach to collecting and analyzing data in qualitative research, with the goal of developing theories to explain observations and experience
- 115semioticsis the study of signs and symbols, and their use in communication
- 116semanticsis the study of signs and their relationship to whatever they are meant to signify (women and ipod)
- 117syntacticsis the relationship between signs within a given unit of communication (baby in BMW which represents safe cradle)
- 118pragmaticsis the study of the relationships between the viewer of the signs and the signs themselves (i don't give up, I get up. Under armour)
- 119participant observationis a technique in which the investigator occupies the position of the participant in the group to appreciate observations from the perspective of those being observed
- 120theoretical samplingis based on the need to collect data to examine emerging categories and their relationships, and not on identifying specific age, gender or other characteristics of the participants
- 121case seiresis an expansion of a case study that involves observations in several similar cases
- 122surveyis a series of questions that are posed to a group of participants. They may be conducted as an oral interview or as a written/electronic questionnaire
- 123interviewis a survey method in which the investigator asks respondents specific questions and records their answers for future analysis
- 124questionnairesare structured surveys that are self administered using pen and paper or electronic formats
- 125self reportswhere the researcher doesn't directly observe the respondent's behaviour or attitudes, but only records the respondents report of them.
- 126guiding questionsobjectives that delineate what the researcher is trying to investigate and find out
- 127open ended questionsquestions in surveys that does not restrict the respondent to specific choices but allows free response in the respondent's own words.
- 128closed ended questionssurvey questions that provide multiple, predetermined specific choices
- 129a scaleis an ordered system based on a series of questions/items that provide an overall rating that represents the degree to which a respondent posses a particular attitude, value or characteristics
- 130categorical scaleare those based on nominal measurements (gender)
- 131continous scalesare those measured in interval or ratio values (age, BP)
- 132summative scalepresents a total score with all the items contributing equal weight to the total
- 133cummulative scaledemonstrates an accumulated characteristic: each item represents an increasing amount of the attribute being measured
- 134Likert scalesare summative scales based on response to a set of statements for which the respondents are asked to rate their degree of agreement/disagreement
- 135semantic differentialis a technique used to measure attitudes by asking respondents to rate concepts based on a 7 point scale which represents a continuum across two extremes
- 136visual analogue scale (VAS)is a scale consisting of a line undefined intermediate levels drawn between word anchors on either end that represent the extremes of the characteristic in order to assess the intensity of subjective experience
- 137cumulative/Guttman scalesare those designed so that agreement with higher level responses assumes agreement with all lower level responses
- 138Q sortis an analytic technique used to characterize attitudes, opinions or judgements of individuals through a process of comparative rank ordering
- 139Delphi surveyis a survey method whereby decisions on items are based on the consensus of a panel of experts
- 140Systematic reviewrefers to a rigorous process of searching, appraising and summarizing existing information on a selected topic. Focus's on effectiveness of intervention
- 141Meta analysiscombines the studies using a quantitative index to develop single overall estimate of the intervention effect
- 142levels of evidencethe lowest level of evidence describes the contribution of expert opinion or basic research that does not have direct clinical application
- 143Grey literatureunpublished studies or studies that are available through sources other than customary journals
- 144publication biasthis occurs because systematic reviews are influenced by the literature that is available. To avoid this you should include articles that also found evidence of no effect in your review
- 145selection biascan distort treatment effects because of the way comparison groups are formed. Must have random allocation and concealment of allocation to avoid
- 146performance biasdifferences in the provision of care to experimental and control groups in study. To avoid you must perform blinding to those who receive and give the care
- 147attrition biasdifferential loss of subjects across comparison groups. avoid through intention to treat analysis
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- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von rahimramji am 13/04/2015.
- Erstellt von
- rahimramji · Apr 2015
- Aktualisiert
- 19 Feb 2016
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