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personality mcq
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- 1What is personality Ashton 2013--Typical tendency to behave, think or feel
for a long period of time, shows a stable
pattern across relevant situations - 2Nomothetci approach :Every one is similar to some and different to some others
The in-between - 3IdeographicEvery person is different
Uniqueness - 4Methodology of idiographicQualitative
case studies or interviews
:) in depth understanding
:( it is difficult to generalise, make laws
:( how can you test if correct ? - 5NomotheticQualitative
questionnaires/direct observations
General law
:( very superficial knowledge of the individual - 6MeasurementNo meaningful Zero level
No absolute amount of a variable
No use of rations
only uses ranking - 7For good research the differences should be :- Equal differences between the scores
-Equal differences in trait level - 8Reliability -Does it represent the true level of Dv consistency of result by measure
: internal consistency
: Inter-rater
:Test retest - 9Internal consistecyAre the items correlated to each other
- 10Test-retestConsistency across different measurements of occasions
- 11ValidityDoes the test measure what it intends to measure ?
-Content validity
Construct -Convergent /discriminant
-Criterion validity - 12Content validityDOES THE MEASURE ASSES All THE RELEVANT FEATURES OF CONSTRUCT
- 13Construct validityAssesses the same construct to see if it correlate with other variables
-convergent
Divergent - 14SELF REPORTS:-STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRES
-EACH TRAIT IS ASSESSED
-ITEMS ALSO INCLUDE OPPOSITE TRAITS ARE INCLUDED
:) Efficient low cost
:( gaps in our self knowledge
:( will people report all - 15Observer reportsSome one else provides the information
about the target person
Some one who knows the target well
:) objective
:( However observations are done in a limited range of context - 16Direct observations-Looking out for frequency and intensity of behaviour to indicate trait.
-Can be done in natural or artificial settings
:) Very informative
:( very time consuming - 17Bio dataLife outcome data , records of a person's life which is relevant to their personality
- behavioural indications eg phone bills
:( Not clear what information is accurate or relevant enough. - 18Personality inverntories Emperical strategy-Large number of items,
- obtaining ratings from large sample
Obtain extra relevant information
Select item showing the strongest relations with external variable - 19Factor analytic strategyWrite a large number of items
Obtain rating from a large sample
obtain extra relevant information.
Select items based on 'Factor analyses'
Categorizing item in to factors based on correlations between items. - 20The relational stategyWrite items specifically for the purpose of assessing each trait.
Find out which item are the best one by asking others or by obtaining ratings from large samples, select item based on the scale reliability and content - 21THE BIG FINEOcean
Openness
consciousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism - 22OValues
Aesthetic
Fantasy
Ideals
Feeling
Actions - 23CCompetence
Order
Self discipline
Achievement
Dutifulness
Deliberation - 24EPositive emotions
Assertiveness
Gregariousness
Activity
Warmth
excitement seeking - 25ACompliance
Altruism
Tender-mindness
Straight forwardness
Modesty
Trust - 26NVulnerability
Angry hostility
Self consciousness
Impulsiveness
Depression
Anxiety - 27HexacoHonesty/Humility
Emotionality
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to experience (unlike ocean it = intellectual ) - 28HSincerity
modesty
Fairness
Greed avoidance - 29EFearfulness
Anxiety
Dependence
Sentimentally - 30XSocial self esteem
,Sociability,Boldness
Liveliness - 31AForgiveness
Patience
Flexibility
Gentleness - 32Cdiligence
organisation
Perfectionism - 33OAesthetic
Creativity
Unconventionality
inquisitiveness - 34General personality factorGFP
stability plasticity
N+c+A Facets e+o
Items
Specific responses - 35Dogs personalityIt is a cross specie comparative approach
humans as benchmark Supports the existence of personality differences
found
:) internal consistency
:) Predictive validity
:)Consensus - 36Stability=(r= 1 ) change perfect stability
=(r= -0 )change not stability - 37Roberts et al and stabilityALL 6 TRAITS SHOW SIGNIFICANT CHANGES PAST THE AGE OF 30
-Most change happens during adulthood not adolescence 20-40.
-Mean level changes reveal a more complicated pattern tan analysis of stability - 38Five factor view on stability and chnage-We change because humans have have a species wide genetic predisposition to develop in certain directions
-We are genetically determined to become more socially dominant , less open to experience - 39Social investment hypothesisWe change because our social roles change , as well as our sense of purpose and direction
E.g as a parent you must be more conscientiousness - 40Stability of traits in ADULTS- a few weeks apart .60
6 YEARS APART .70
24 Years apart .65
used observer reports - 41Stability of traits in adolescence and young adulthoodclarify
- 42Nursery school and political orientation Block and BlockAS KIDS LIBERAL ADULTS WERE: self reliant,energetic,domination
AS KIDS CONSERVATIVE ADULTS WERE:
Easily victimised,Easily offended over controlled, Fearful . - 43Roberts el al:Conscientiousness, Emotional stability and assertive aspects of of extroversion increased during adolescence.
Agreeableness : smaller increases, slightly increases during 50's
Social aspects of extroversion = slight decrease during young adulthood (20's) and during (60's)
Openness to experience Moderate increase up to 20 remain stable and during 60's declines a lot - 44Stability during Adulthood Fair stability Costa and Macrae 1992During 6 weeks . 80
During 6 years .70
- use of self reports
70 years apart too
The stability did not depend too much on which traits
:) used observer reports - 45How is our stability during longer ? Costa and Macrae (1992)12 years apart . 70
44 years apart .65
50 years .60 -.80 (estimation ) - 46how is our stability during adolescenceStudied 270 self reports, college-graduation .60 across 4 years
small change during adolescence before entering stability
7 years apart = .55
30 years apart =.35 - 47stability and change during childhood :( diffiicuilties:( they only start describing themselves in terms of personality traits around the age of 10
:( The measures usually require a level of comprehension and reading
;( Difficult to compare skills and behaviours because ids get those abilities at different ages - 48lamb et al Personality during childhoodlower in extroversion
Higher in consciousness
Higher in agreeableness
due to educational system ??
:( low reliability
.50 stability
but 13 years apart = .20 - 49Stability form childhood to adulthood Hampson and Goldberg (2006)800 kids obs reports
self reports of personalities 40 years later
Big 5
0 above .25
C .25
E.25
A close to 0
N close to 0
weak degree of stability
:( Some inaccuracy in the assessment of personalities as teachers wont know all the aspects of personalities - 50Huesmann (2009)Focused only only on aggression to test the stability of childhood personality.
800 p'ps
:) peer nomination as kids (Good as not all kids can do self report )
moderate stability
.50 male
.40 female
either: most aggressive at all point or not aggressive at al
less favourable life outcomes : eg arrested, divorce
If only at one point at younger ages not life outcomes
if developed later = very likely - 51Instant gratificationMarshmallow test ( 4/5) years old
Parents rated personality 11 years
0.20's-0.40's correlation
delayed gratification
competent
academically
Verbal fluent
Link to consciousness
Mental ability and stability - 52Four humours :(Blood-very cheerful-sanguine
Black bile-depressive
-yellow-angry-choleric
-phlegm-calm
:( no empirical evidence - 53ivalanced ian pavlovweak anxious - melancholic
strong unbalanced-irritable-choleric
strong balanced slow-calm
Strong balanced mobile-lively sanguine - 54Dopamine is associted withNovelty seeking
Facilitates the transmission of signals - 55Cloninger=personality characteristics related to response to pleasure and excitement.
High levels of dopamine
Impulsiveness
Extravagance
Disorderliness
Exploratory - 56ParkinsonsUnder activated dopamine systems
Extremely on active
Lack of interest in new fun activities
Unco-ordinated movements - 57SerotoninHarm avoidance
-Inhibits transition of signals of punishment
-Neurons to send messages to things that feel harmful and unpleasant - 58Norepinephrine *low levels =:Inhibits the transmission of signal of responding to stimuli that has been associated with reward.
* High dependence
-sentimentally
-Warm communication
-Dependence - 59Reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray's theory) begavioural activation-BEHAVIOURAL ACTIVATION
-Go system = Encourage pursuit of rewards / pleasurable aspects.
People's sensitivity differ
- novelty seeking dimension - 60Reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray's theory) behavioural inhibitionBEHAVIOURAL INHIBITION
Brain regions receiving signals which indicate that punishments are being experienced .
stop system, Avoidance of punishment
if strong= strong avoidance of punishment
anxious avoid pain and danger .
" Cloninger harm avoidance dimension" - 61Fight or flightBrain regions, responsible for motivating extreme reactions In response to extremely threatening situations.
- 62Extroversion and biologyArausability of brains
Preference for high levels stimulation.
seek stimuli
Ascending Reticular activation system (ARAS)
It regulates how much stimulation is admitted to the brain from the nervous system from environment - 63Neuroticismbased on Sensitivity to stress
Associated with the limbic system
People with limbic system that i overwhelmed by stressful stimuli are more emotionally unstable - neurotic - 64PsychotismAggressive,cold, egocentric ,Tough minded
MAO High levels of P are associated with level of testosterone.
This is associated with inactivation of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine.
eg lemon juice test-introverts produce more saliva. - 65ZUCKERMAN:Unlike Eyes,each personality dimension is influenced by complex interactions between brain structures,neurotransmitters or hormone.
- 66Eysencks'spsychotism
Extraversion
Neurotism (emotional stability ) - 67HormonesBiological Chemicals produced in glands or body parts and then transmitted to other body parts
This affect neuron Activity - 68Teststerone-10 times higher in men
-Associated with violent crime - 69CortisolHormones released by adrenal cortex
Triggered by stress to prepare the body for action
Suppression of immune system - 70Cortisol and personalityLoney et al.
having high levels of cortison leads to emotion insensitivity ( for women )
High sensation seeking= lower cortisol - 71Oxitocis-Produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland
-In Women Oxytocin is released when giving birth, brestfeeding and experiencing orgasm
-Men have it to facilitate attachment - 72Genetics AdditiveEach gene cotributes separately
- 73Genetics Non additive-Multiplicative= the influence of the gene depends on the presence of another gene
-Affects both MZ in the same ways as they have the same combination of genes
MZ more than twice similar as fraternal when non additive genetic influences are invoked - 74Genetic and peronalities (German studies)Self report : IDENTICAL .54
FRATERNAL. 27
Observer report : .45
.20.
combining both .65 - 75Minesota twin study-45 sets of MZ reared apart
and 26 et DZ reared apart
AVG TWIN CORRELATIOIN
(. 54) - 76Ipactof shared environment during adulthood :dIMISHES DURING ADULTHOOD
FRATERNAL =.60 -.30
IDENTICAL .70-.60 - 77Political attitudes and genetics- 700 twin pairs
after 20 years
conservatism
Shared environment has a strong influence during adolescence but weakens after the age of 20 . as genetic influences strengthens - 78Drinking and smoking (Li et al )Heritability of smoking initiation is .44
Alcoholism .50 to .70 - 79Contrast effecteg 2 nevous kids but the parent rates on comparison between them
"eg the loud one " - 80Assimilation effectOverestimation of the similarity
- 81to overcome problems when studying twins eg assimilation/contrastObserver reports used rather than self reports , Fraternal twins were more than half a similar to each other
Importance of common environment - 82Assortative mating for personality- for example if the parents share a lot of genes then the fraternal will also share more
-This would lead to the underestimation of of heritability
:( no evidence to show this occurrence - 83Assumption of twins Based on herritability studies1) twins share same features of the environment
Adopting households may differ from normal households
3) Identical twins raised together may be treated as more similar than fraternal twins - 84Are twin households really different ?-Higher socio economical educational levels
Parenting style more gentle and attentive
Limited variation
(Mc gue)
Lower levels of alcohol abuse - 85Selective placementBiological parent maybe similar to the adoptive parent therefore there might be an underestimated influence of the environment
- 86Birth order Alfren Adlerfirst born insecure
last born spoiled
middle child less insecure-less spoiled - 87ulloway and Birth orderLater born sibling :
high agreeableness
Lower conscientiousness
Higher openness to experience
:( contrast effect
with self= observer reports no difference in openness is found - 88Genotype-environment correlation PASSIVEENVIRONMENTAL EXPERIENCE IS INFLUENCED BY PARENTS GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS WHICH ARE ALSO INHERITED BY THOSE CHILDREN
- 89ACTIVE GENOTYPEChildren select their environment as a function of own genetic tendencies
- 90Reactive Gene EVOCATIVECHILDREN EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS DEPENDING ON OTHER PEOPLES REACTIONN TO THE CHILDS GENETIC TENDENCIES
eg..PROVIDED WITH MORE PORTS OPPORTUNITIES. - 91Caspi et al 2003Conducted a longitudinal study, tested stressful experiences
5-HTT gene was found to moderate the influence of stressful life events on depression
particiipants with two copies of short allele exhibited more depressive symptoms
than those with homozygous for long allele
:) evidence for gene by environment interaction as individual's response to the environment is moderated by genetic make up - 92Interactions found by caspiStressful life events clearly predicted depression symptoms but only amongst those individuals carrying an s allele
same with suicidal ideation - 93Mental abilitiesDifference amongst people in their maximum performance in producing correct answers to problems and questions
- Intelligence
not due to physical or sensory abilities - 94Francis Galton 1822First to study individual differences
determined by g factors
used a statistical approach
:( measured physical and sensory abilities - 95Cattel10 basic psychological functions - eg tactile,
He developed mental tests
:( measured differences in performance but no abilities - 96Alfred binettDeveloped a variety of tasks to measure mental abilities to identify children in to lower mental abilities
pragmatic approach
:( did not investigate the nature of this mental abilities - 97Spearman G factorConducted factor analysis
a common variance was found
showed that various school grades in various areas were positively correlated
"Indifference of the indicator"
High loaded g tasks demanded reasoning processes
:( grades - 98Thurtones primary factorsg factors do not explain the relations amongst various kinds of mental abilities
verbal
numerical
memory
reasoning
perceptual
spatial
verbal comprehension - 99Carroll 3 stratumover 70 narrow mental abiilities
g= IQ SCORE
m=100,SD=15 - 100vHANHES IN MEAN STABILITYY OF INTELLIGENCERAPID INCREASE DURING ADULTHOOD
CONTINUE TO INCREASE DURING ADOLESCENCE
DECREASES WITH OLD AGE
:Verbal abilities are higher in 40s and 60s
:( Cohort effect
:( Lack of longitudinal research - 101Reaction time and intelligencecorelation of - 30 on simple reaction time tasks
indication that speed of brain and nerous system is related to G - 102Brain wavesEPR Higher IQ score is related to greater overall complexity of the waves
- 103Glucouseuse PET , Higher scorres relate to less glucose consumption during IQ task
need less if u r smart!!! - 104intelligence and geneticschildren's heritability becomes les important with age
gene=more influential during adulthood - 105Womb environmentNutrients, toxins,hormones,born in the same placenta( Monochronic )
- 106NutritionBrestfeeding
Higher IQs
:( however the findings found nno difference between their brothers who were not breast fed
very weak correlation
:( issit because smart mums brest feed ?
issit because of the actual mum baby interaction - 107Birth orderSmall linkk
better womb environment ?
or issit due to social factors
studiy found that when the 2 was traded as 1st no diff to real 1st - 108Mental abilities and academic achievementIQ cores are strongly correlated with school grades .50-.60
Underestimation between IQ and academic achievement - 109Darie70,000 ENGLISH CHILDREN !!
for subjects like drama = .47
For subjects like maths 0.77 - 110Correlations between mental ability and occupationaal tastus.50 status
.40 income
(related to social class ) - 111Longevity and health Whalley and starrChildren with higher IQ tend to live longer People with low IQ were more likely to die from stomach cancer
clear association between crime and IQ
? or because they got caught
:) Moffit and silva those with who avoided police contact also low iq - 112Fluis intelligencethe ability to learn new things not dependent on previous knowledge
culture free elements
flexibility response
eg reasoning - 113Cristalizeddo well iin things that require previous knowledge
Depends on education and cuture - 114Flynn effectPeople today score higher in intelligence tests
1SD HIGHER 15 IQ POINTS
specially for fluid inteligence - 115Stenbergs triarchy of intelligenceAnalytic,creative,practical
- 116EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Mayer and salovey 1993Managing regulations of emotions,
negatively related to neurotic
positively related to C AND Extroversion
unrelated to IQ scores - 117Personlaity andnd loofe outcomes (MARIAGE) Watson et al 2004291 recently married
OWN agreeableness and emotional stability was related to marital satisfaction
not related to similarities - 118Personality and life outcome (Attachment)Anxious: tendency to worry about loss of patner
Avoid ant Tendency to feel uncomfortable being close to partner - 119are friends similar in personalityLee et al : H .28 .44
O . 23 .35
Not strong similarity or Exac
Assumed greater than actual - 120personality and peer relationshipSocial status = extroversion - positively related
men- emotional stability
tough ? - 121Personality and substance abuse Ellkindat age 17 lowers in conscientiousness
low stability in emotional stability
Also predictive for developing substance disorders by 20 years old
Also predictive quitting drinking. - 122LongetivityLow conscientiousness 35% greater chance of dying before the age of 70.
disease : Having ambitious disposition increases the risk of heart disease
Type A increases hear disease : competitive
hostile
urgent
impatient - 123Academic performanceconscientiousness and grade = r.25
elementary =.20 ex, agree,o and E - 124Criminality and intelligence Gottfredson and Hirshi 1990Self control and theory of crime
impulsivitty
failure to inhibit selfish responses - 125Romero Gomez=Delinquent behaviours was strongly correlated with impulsive risk taking
- 126Primary and secndary psychopathy1) Manipulaton,gradiosity
2) Impulsivity, irresponsability,lack of planning, poor self control.
Both correlated with delinquency
Only moderate correlation between primary and secondary - 127Dark triadHonesty : PNM
extroversion: N
Agreeblenes P,M
Conscientiousness M - 128Life satisfaction and stabilityheritability .40
Self esteem .60
cheerfulness .40
Assertiveness .30
Depresiveness -.50
Anxiety -.30 - 129How are vocational interest studiedForced choice item
*Levels of interest in one area relatively to other areas
:( LONGER TIME TO COMPLETE SURVEY
* Reports interest in various areas of work
How much the respondents would enjoy diff types of activity - 130RAISE MODELREALISTIC DERS
CONVENTIONAL ORGANIZERS
ARTISTCS
INVESTIGATIVE
ENTERPRISING
SOCIAL - 131VOCATIONAL INTEREST AND PERSONALITY* Extroversion : social and enterprising .41
*Agreebleness social
*Openness investigate.28
Artistic .48 - 132vocational ad mental abilityrealistic :Mathematical
reasoning
investigate : Openness
Creative thinking
Conventional :
conscientiousness - 133JOB SATISFACTION AND PREDICTIVE VALIDITY.25 TO .35
MODEST
Highest correlations when using objective records. - 134personality at work Barrick man and judge 2001Meta analysis
c= was a valid predictor of performnce across various occupations
EOA : NOT SIGNIFICAT FOR OVERALL PERFORMANCE - 135INTERACTIONS IN WORK PLACEC increases performance but only when emotional stability is also high
* also agreebleness - 136Gender and agreeblenessdisagreeable less of an asset for women than for men
men are see good if competitive
not for women as it goes against gender norms - 137selection manipulation and transformationSELECTION : people are selected in to work environments that fits well with personality
MANIPULATION : ppl adjust to work environment
TRANSFORMATION : change themselves to fit in - 138Contextualizing personalityThis is important because personality may vary across social roles
eg questions must be specifically referring to work
This will increase the predictive validity - 139Priblems with self ratingSelf Impression :
when stakes are high people are tempted to present themselves in a more desirable way
Self deception :
Evaluating themselves as more positive
better predictive validity with observer - 140Integrity testingSelf report questionnaire , to see the probability of bad behaviour such as loafing stealing
overt eg have u stolen
vs personality based : more validity - 141RELIGION Winki (2007)Personality in adolescence predicts religiosity
High A
High C - 142Religious FudamentalismQuite extreme : negatively correlated to openness to experience
- 143SpiritualismEmphasis on experience and intense feeling
- 144Parents and religionWeaker association for children who are more confident and emotional
- 145Amazing apostatesnon religious
but has a religious upbringing - 146Amazing bellieversReligious
but non religious upbringing - 147Stability19 % high increasing
41% low decloning
40% parabolic
fairly stable - 148Life satisfaction and religion (Carlson 2005 )Instinct religiousness and prayer fulfilment were increasingly associated with greater life satisfaction
25% LESS LIKELY TO DIE DURING THE STUDY - 149adorno F scale9
No reverse keyed items
no support for different factors
only focuses on right wing authoritarianism
no empirical evidence for some factors which derived from psychoanalytic perspectives - 150Eysenck ( 1954)LEFT( TENDER ) / RIGHT ( TOUGH MINDED
fACISCIST/ COMMUNIST ARE TOUGHMINDED
:( not objective interpretation of tough minded
the sample used was not of a extremist population
Re analysis = communist score higher on anti religiousness and fascist on anti humanitarianism - 151Roxeach and policsLeft - Equality
Dogmatism - Dogmatism is a way of thinking that is stubborn and narrow-minded, often because of prejudice and bigotry.
Comunism and nazism = dogmatic
:( Only positive wording was used
no emperical evidence for sub factors of dogmatism
western nations
lack of studies in regards to extrimist - 152RwaRight wing Authoritarianism
Conventional : sticking to social conventions by in group authorities
Authoritarian : obedience to established authorities
Authoritarian aggression : support for aggressiveness towards norm violators - 153SDOSupport for hierarchy
opposite= egalitarianism
Related to prejudice towards a wide range of social groups
Opposition to progressive policies
support for military spending
Don not necessarily value tradition only if it preserves societal structures - 154Prejdice AND SDO AND rWAnot a great correlation between each other, however produce a great correlation with prejudice together.
- 155Dualprocess * dfferent contextual and personality traits predict RWA AND SDOfor Rwa- a threatening context and social conformity
for SDO a ompetitive context and tough minded - 156BIG 5 AND POLITICSSDO= Low honesty and low agreebleness
RWA= low O and high C
LIBERALS= High openness
Conservatives= High Consciousness - 157Ideologies and marriage similar?religion .75
politics .63 - 158Sexualityhigh arousal= seductive erotic
low arousal= abstinent
low commitment=plygamus , loose
High commitment=devoted faithful
no diff for men and women arousal
but for commitment 60% women 40% men - 159Sexuality and personalityArousal r=.45 extreaversion
Commitment r=.50 agrebleness and conscientiousness - 160Socio sexual orientationRestricted = comfortable in sexual relationships if there is an emotional bond
Unrestricted = even in the absence of emotional commitment
negatively correlated with honesty,emotionality agreeableness and conscientiousness - 161Sexual orientation and personalitymen : women
hetero= 92 92
bi 4 7
homo=4 1 - 162Lippa (2005) sexuality and personalityGay men and lesbians score higher on Openness to Experience
Artistic vocational interests – creativity and unconventionality
Lewis and Seaman (2004): 2000 respondents
Professional artists: 5.2% gay men versus 1.1% heterosexual men
2.2% lesbians versus 1.4% heterosexual women
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