Karteikarten
GCSE History – The early years and the Weimar Republic 1918-1923
Karten in diesem Stapel (71)
- 1What were the events leading up to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II?-German port of Kiel the sailors mutinied.
-End of October 1918, refused to fight the British navy.
-Marched to Berlin to demand abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
-Kaiser abdicated. - 2What was the date of the Kaiser's abdication?9th November 1918.
- 3Who was Friedrich Ebert?After the abdication of the Kaiser, he stepped in as the acting chancellor of Germany and chairman of SPD.
- 4What were the events AFTER the abdication of the Kaiser?-Friedrich Ebert set up Council of People's Representatives.
-In the temporary government, Ebert was elected President.
-11th November - Armistice with Allies. - 5What was the name of the treaty signed with the Allies?The Treaty of Versailles.
- 6What were the 5 terms of the Treaty of Versailles?Rich Woman Make Terrible Windows:
R - Reparations.
W - War guilt.
M - Military restrictions.
T - Territorial changes.
W - Weapon limitations. - 7What was the 'Stab in the back' theory?-The common belief that the army was on the verge of winning the war, but were betrayed.
-The betrayers (politicians) were called the 'November Criminals'.
-All of this meant the Republic was DOOMED from the start. - 8What 4 problems did the Treaty of Versailles caused for the Weimar Republic?-Crisis of the Ruhr.
-Growth of Nationalism.
-Weakened Reichstag.
-The Kapp Putsch. - 9Give 2 strengths of the Weimar Republic.-Most democratic country in the world (everybody over 20 had the vote).
-State governments were continued = state traditions maintained. - 10Give 3 'in the middle' opinions about the Weimar Republic.-PR meant all parties had FAIR share of Reichstag seats.
--This often led to short-lived, coalition governments.
-Article 48: President could protect Germany in a time of emergency.
--This could be ABUSED: didn't define an emergency. - 11Give 4 weakness of the Weimar Republic.-Free speech gave opposition groups freedom to attack new government.
-NO changes to army or judiciary.
-Voting system = issue carrying out unpopular policies.
-President had power to appoint or dismiss Chancellor. - 12When was the Spartacist Uprising?5th January 1919.
- 13What was the 'Spartacist League' and who were its leaders?-The German Communist Party inspired by the Russian Revolution.
-Led by Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Libknecht. - 14What were the events during the Spartacist Uprising (5th January)?-Spartacists took over government's newspaper and telegraph bureau.
-Tried to organize a general strike in Berlin.
-Badly organized.
-Received LITTLE support from the people of Berlin. - 15What were the events during the Spartacist Uprising (6th January)?-Ebert created volunteer force of 4,000 ex-soldiers, with help of army leaders.
-Group called FREIKORPS.
-They consisted of HARD men who liked to fight and HATED communism. - 16What were the events during the Spartacist Uprising (15th January)?-Spartacists were CRUSHED.
-Luxemburg and Liebknecht were arrested.
-Both were shot and kill for 'resisting arrest' during transportation.
-SHOCKED Ebert! - 17What did the Spartacist Uprising show us (2 things)?-Highlighted the instability of the WR.
-A socialist, left wing government were attacked by an even more left wing group. - 18After the Spartacist uprising, what were the new republic reliant on and how did they obey this?-Dependent on support of the army.
-For the support, Republic promised to not change leadership of army. - 19When was the Kapp Putsch?March 1920.
- 20Who were the Freikorps?-Ex-soldiers, mainly right-wing nationalists.
-Used by Weimar gov. to squash Spartacist revolt.
-Disbanded in 1920.
-This was due to decrease in German army AND trying to take power in the Kapp Putsch. - 21Who led the Freikorps?Dr. Wolfgang Kapp.
- 22What were the events of the Kapp Putsch?-March 1920 - Freikorps occupied Berlin.
-Weimar government asked army to suppress Putsch.
-WR also asked trade unions to organise a strike.
-Army REFUSED, trade unions ACCEPTED.
-General Strike caused CHAOS and Kapp couldn't rule Germany and was forced to flee. - 23What was the positive outcome of the Kapp Putsch, 1920?It showed that the Republic had gained much support from the workers of Berlin.
- 24What was the negative outcome of the Kapp Putsch, 1920?Revealed LACK of support from the army who sympathized with aims of the Putsch.
- 25Were the Nazi party left or right wing?Extremely right wing.
- 26What were the Nazi Party's policies from 1920-1922 (4 policies)?-Nationalism.
-Socialism.
-Anti-communism.
-Antisemitism. - 27What were the three major challenges of 1923?-Munich Putsch.
-Hyperinflation.
-Invasion of the Ruhr. - 28What was hyperinflation?The extreme increase in prices in a short time.
- 29What were the five events leading up to hyperinflation (timeline)?-1914-18: Gov. printed more money to pay for WW1, but didn't have more gold.
-1918-22: Weimar government printed more money for post-war shortages and asked for longer pay for first reparations installment.
-January 1923 - French troops invaded Ruhr, taking raw good and materials. German workers went on strike.
-This caused Weimar government to print off MORE money to pay strikers and make up for loss of materials.
-November 1923 - German mark was worthless. - 30Which three groups of people was hyperinflation 'good' for?-Farmers, paid more for food.
-People and businesses in debt.
-Fixed rents for rooms or shops became VERY cheap. - 31What were the bad effects of hyperinflation?-The normal people who couldn't afford essentials.
-Wages rose, not as quickly as prices.
-Businesses went bankrupt.
-People with fixed or monthly incomes suffered most.
-Savings became worthless.
-Blamed Weimar government, making it even more unpopular. - 32When was the Munich Putsch?October 1923 to 9th November 1923.
- 33What happened in October 1923 of the Munich Putsch?-During crisis of 1923, Hitler plotted with two nationalist politicians: Kahr and Lassow, to take over Munich in a revolution.
-October 4th 1923: Kahr and Lassow called off revolution, despite Hitler having troops ready. - 34What happened on 8th November 1923 in the Munich Putsch?-Hitler and 600 SA burst into a Munich beer hall, where Gustav von Kahr, head of the Bavarian government was holding a meeting.
-Hitler announced the revolution had begun.
-Threatened everybody to rebel with him. - 35What did the SA take on 8th November 1923?Army headquarters and offices of local newspaper.
- 36What happened on 9th November 1923 in the Munich Putsch?-Hitler, Ludendorff and about 3000 other supporters marched through Munich, looking for more support.
-Kahr had called in police and army reinforcements.
-A gun battle resulted in 16 Nazi supports being killed.
-FAILED: Hitler and Ludendorff arrested. - 37What were the 5 main reason as to why the Nazi Party wanted to take Munich?MUBALUREUN:
MU - Mussolini
BA - Bavarian government (Nazis thought they had support from them).
LU - Ludendorff (Nazis thought he could persuade the army to support them).
RE - Reparations being payed to France.
UN - United support (Hitler was establishe leader, 50,000 supporters and the SA). - 38What were the consequences of the Munich Putsch?-Nazi Party banned.
-Leaders imprisoned.
-Hitler's trial = public sympathy.
-Nazis rethought tactics.
-Now knew that an armed uprising wouldn't work. - 39Why was the Munich Putsch a failure?-Nazis were not organized.
-Police were better prepared.
-Too few people in Munich supported the Nazis.
-Bavarian government didn't join the Nazis.
-Neither the army nor police supported the Nazis.
-Putsch appeared a total failure - Hitler in prison, Nazi Party banned. - 40Why was the Munich Putsch a success?-Failure caused Hitler and other party leaders to re-think tactics.
-Gain of popularity, Mein Kampf became a bestseller.
-Sympathetic to Nazi ideas. Nazi Party banned for a short period of time and Hitler's sentence shortened. - 41What is the name of the person who led the 'Golden Years'?Gustav Stresemann.
- 42What were the five things that Gustav Stresemann did in order to recover the Weimar Republic?-Introduction of the Rentenmark.
-Dawes plan.
-Young plan.
-Germany's entry into the League of Nations.
-Locarno Treaties.
-End of Passive Resistance. - 43What were the changes in currency AFTER hyperinflation?-November 1923: Rentenmark is introduced to the public and currency stabilized.
-1924: Rentenmark converted to Reichsmark (backed with gold) and this gradually restored the value of German money. - 44What was the Dawes Plan?-Plan introduced in 1924.
-Reorganized reparations to USA.
-Brough foreign investment to Germany. - 45What was the Young plan?-Plan introduced in 1929.
-Set timescale and reduced reparations.
-France agreed to leave Rhineland early. - 46What was the significance of Germany entering into the League of Nations (1926)?Germany recognized as a greater power again.
- 47What were the Locarno Treaties?-Treaties introduced in 1925.
-Improved relations with UK and France.
-Guaranteed borders with Belgium, France and Italy. - 48What happened and when was the end of passive resistance?-Passive Resistance ended in Nov. 1923.
-Agreed to pay reparations.
-French withdrew from Ruhr in 1925.
-Allowed later negotiations over reparations. - 49Which groups supported the Nazi Party in 1920's?-Young people.
-Skilled workers.
-Farmers.
-Middle and upper classes who feared communism. - 50Name 5 ways in which the Nazi Party changed their tactics.-Rallies.
-Meetings.
-Propoganda.
-Posters and newspapers.
-Mein Kampf. - 51Explain rallies in terms of the Nazi Party changing tactics.-First rally held in 1926.
-Regular huge rallies with military-style marches and speeches by Hitler.
-VERY popular with youth. - 52Explain meetings in terms of the Nazi Party changing tactics.-Nazis ran evening classes to train members in public speaking.
-Helped them to spread Nazi ideology. - 53Explain propaganda in terms of the Nazi Party changing tactics.-Goebbels managed propaganda.
-Targetted specific groups with specific messages.
-Anti-Jewish propaganda worked best with working class people. - 54Explain posters and newspapers in terms of the Nazi Party changing tactics.-Posters skillfully got their messages across.
-Newspapers explained ideas in more depth. - 55Explain Mein Kampf in terms of the Nazi Party changing tactics.-Published in 1925.
-Promoted the following aims:
--Removing Jews from Germany.
--Destroying Communism.
--Expanding Germany.
-The book became a BESTSELLER. - 56What were the 4 ways in which Nazi Party Organisation changed?-From local to national.
-Targetting rural areas.
-Organisations.
-SA. - 57Explain moving from local to national in terms of changing Nazi Party Organisation.-Nazi headquarters stayed in Munich.
-Brances were set up all over Germany.
-Each Gau was led by a Gauletier. - 58Explain targeting rural areas in terms of changing Nazi Party Organisation.Nazis focused on winning support fom farmeres, who were finding times tough (especially after 1928).
- 59Explain organisations in terms of changing Nazi Party Organisation.-Various different organisations were set up for different groups.
Examples include:
-Hitler Youth.
-Nazi Students' League.
-Teachers' League.
-Woman's League. - 60Explain SA in terms of changing Nazi Party Organisation.-Image of SA CHANGED.
-Now one of order and discipline.
-More young men wanted to join. - 61Name 3 reasons for the increase after 1929 for Nazi support.-The appeal of Hitler.
-The role of propaganda.
-The role of the SA. - 62Why was the appeal of Hitler so strong?-He was chismatic.
-He appealed strongly to women and they wanted his babies. - 63What was the role of propaganda as a reason for increase after 1929?Goebbels was a MASTER of propaganda.
He used these methods:
-Posters.
-Radio.
-Rallies.
-Newspapers.
-Parades and marches. - 64What was the role of the SA as a reason for increase after 1929?-By 1932, image of SA improved dramatically.
-Over 600,000 members.
-Attracted young, unemployed people who admired the parades through towns and cities.
-Continued to disrupt Communist Party meetings. - 65What and when was the Wall Street Crash?-Happened in 1929.
-US companies lost billions of dollars in value overnight, leaving banks and businesses ruined.
-Crash triggered a worldwide recession.
-Germany suffered GREATLY. - 66What was the economic impact of the Wall Street Crash (just stages, not detail)?US Loans → German business + German government → German people.
- 67What was the first stage of the economic impact of the Wall Street Crash?US stopped lending money to Germany and DEMANDED all loans to be repaid.
- 68What happened in consequence to the US demanding all its loans to be repaid? German businesses-Had to pay back lones.
-No more investment from US.
-Had to pay increases in taxes.
-Worldwide, no money to buy goods, so markets dried up. - 69What happened in consequence to the US demanding all its loans to be repaid? German government-Couldn't borrow money from US.
-Refused to print more money.
-Increased taxes.
-Made cuts in unemployment benefit.
-Gov. workers had wages cut and some lost their jobs. - 70What was the effect on the German people due to the Wall Street Crash?-Businesses reduced staff or closed.
-Millions of workers and farm labourers lost their jobs.
-Young people were badly affected by job losses.
-With no work, and benefits slashed, families suffered terrible poverty. - 71What were the six main political impacts of the Wall Street Crash?-Weimar government was blamed for German dependence on US loans.
-Highlighted lack of strong leadership.
-Two main parties in coalition government (Centre Party and SDP) couldn't agree how to solve the crisis.
-Hindenburg used Article 48 to pass laws without Reichstag agreement. Germany became a dictatorship.
-New economic policies were unpopular.
-Extremist parties became more popular.
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- Edexcel GCSE History flashcards for Topic 2C Life in Germany - The early years and the Weimar Republic 1918-1923.
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