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Chapter 6 - Materials

lizabeth rawson physics A level Englisch 60 Karten

Describe the fx graph for rubber

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  1. 1Define extensionThe increase in length of an object when a a tensile force is exerted on it
  2. 2Define compressionThe decrease in length of an object when a a compressive force is exerted on it
  3. 3Define tensile forcesEqual and opposite forces acting on an object to stretch it
  4. 4Define compressive forcesTwo or more forces together that reduce the length or volume of an object
  5. 5Define tensile deformationA change in the shape of an object due to tensile forces
  6. 6Define compressive deformationA change in the shape of an object due to compressive forces
  7. 7Define force-extension graphA graph of force against extension or compression, with the area under the graph equal to the impulse
  8. 8Define elastic limitThe value of stress or force beyond which elastic deformation becomes plastic deformation,and the material or object will no longer return to its original shape and size when stress or force is removed
  9. 9Define elastic deformationA reversible change in the shape of an object due to a compressive or tensile force, where removal of stress or force will allow object or material to return to original shape and size
  10. 10Define plastic deformationAn irreversible change in the shape of a object due to a compressive force or tensile, removal of which produced per men ant deformation
  11. 11Define hooke’s lawThe force applied is directly proportional to the extension of the spring unless the limit of proportionality is exeeded
  12. 12Define force constantA quantity determined by dividing force by extension/compression for an object obeying hooke’s law, measured in Nm^-1
  13. 13Define stiffnessThe ability of an object to resist deformation
  14. 14Define elastic potential energy½ k x^2
  15. 15Define loading curveA force extension graph
  16. 16Define hysteresis loopA loop shaped plot obtained when loading and unloading a material produces different deformations
  17. 17Define tensile stressThe force per unit cross sectional area
  18. 18Define tensile strainThe extension per unit length, a dimensionless quantity
  19. 19Define ductileProperty of a material that has a large plastic religion in a stress-strain graph so can be drawn into wires
  20. 20Define limit of proportionalityThe value of stress or force beyond which stress is no longer directly proportional to strain
  21. 21Define yield pointsA point on a stress/strain graph beyond which the deformation is no longer entirely elastic
  22. 22Define ultimate tensile strengthThe maximum stress that a material can withstand before it breaks
  23. 23Define breaking strengthThe stress value at the point of fracture, breaking force / cross sectional area
  24. 24Define strong materialA material with a large value for the ultimate tensile strength
  25. 25Define young modulusThe ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain where these quantities are directly proportional to each other, measures in Pa YM = fl/ax
  26. 26Define brittleBrittle is a property of a material which does not show plastic deformation and deforms very little under high stress if at all
  27. 27Define polymericPolymeric is a description of a material comprising of long-chain molecules, such as rubber, which may show large strains
  28. 28How do you know when hooke’s law is being obeyed using a force extension graphIf the line is strait passing through the origin, the two are directly proportional
  29. 29Give an equation for force for a spring obeying hooke’s lawForce = force constant x extension
  30. 30Describe an experiment to investigate hooke’s lawAttach the spring at one end using a clamp, boss, and clamp stand secured to the bench with a g clamp or large mass. Set up a meter rule with a resolution of 1mm close to the spring. Suspend slotted masses from the spring and as you add each one, record the total mass added and the new length of the spring. Take at least 6 different readings.
  31. 31Describe how you can improve the accuracy of an experiment to investigate hook’s lawUsing a set square for length measurements, and taking readings at eye level to reduce parallax errors. Measure the mass of slotted masses using a digital scale.
  32. 32Describe how you would use the results from an experiment to investigate hooke’s lawRecord the original length, the new length, the extension, the amount of masses added, and the force by multiplying the mass with 9.81, f=ma. With these results you can calculate the force constant, or plot a graph to see if the force and extension are directly proportional
  33. 33How can hooke’s law be used in a real world applicationHooke’s law can be used in design and calibration of simple force meters or Newton meters, often used for weighing. And used to monitor baby’s growth in clinics in developing countries, or animals being weighed in a wildlife survey
  34. 34How can you find work done with a force extension graphOn a fox graph, work done is the area under the graph
  35. 35What is the equation for elastic potential energyE = ½ k x^2
  36. 36How do you derive the equation for elastic potential energy?Ona force-extension graph, energy = area under graph, which is the area of the triangle created by the line. Area of triangle = ½ base x height = ½ f . Since the objectobeys hooke’s law, f = kx, so substituting this in, E = ½ x extension x force x extension, so E = ½ kx^2
  37. 37Describe the fx graph for a metal wireUp to its elastic limit, it follows hooke’s law, then levels off, and the wire is permenantly extended, and the unloading line is parallel to the loading one, but with a higher extension, it has suffered plastic deformation
  38. 38Describe the fx graph for rubberRubber does not obey hooke’s law, for loading the line is a reverse f shape, and unloading is the same, but lower down forming a hysteresis loop.Describe the fx graph for rubber
  39. 39What is represented in a hysteresis loopThe thermal energy released when the material is loaded and then unloaded
  40. 40Describe the fx graph for polytheneA reverse f shape for loading, then a strait line down, ending with an increased extensionDescribe the fx graph for polythene
  41. 41What is the equation for tensile stressTensile stress = force / cross sectional area
  42. 42What is the equation for tensile strainTensile strain = extension / original length
  43. 43What do each of the points represent on the stress strain graph for a ductile metalP = limit of proportionality
    E = elastic limit
    Y1 and Y2 = upper and lower yield points
    UTS = ultimate tensile strength
    B = breaking point    What do each of the points represent on the stress strain graph for a ductile metal
  44. 44What is the equation for young’s modulusYM =Tensile stress / tensile strain = fL / Ax
  45. 45What does the gradient of a stress strain graph representYoung’s modulus
  46. 46What is the young modulus of polystyrene3x10^9 Pa
  47. 47What is the young modulus of Lead1.8x10^10 Pa
  48. 48What is the young modulus of Aluminum7x10^10 Pa
  49. 49What is the young modulus of Mild steel2.1x10^11Pa
  50. 50What is the young modulus of Graphene1.1x10^12 Pa
  51. 51What is the young modulus of Diamond1.2x10^12 Pa
  52. 52Describe an experiment to determine the Young’s modulus of a wireClamp wire at one end of table with g clamp, and fixed with a pulley at the other end. Set up a meter ruler and a marker on wire, and put slotted masses on pulley end. Find diameter of wire using micrometer, find the cross sectional area with a = pid^2 / 4. Record masses, length, and et5ension and with that you can calculate YM.
  53. 53Describe the fx graph for a ductile materialDescribe the fx graph for a ductile material
  54. 54Describe the fx graph for a brittle materialDescribe the fx graph for a brittle material
  55. 55Describe the fx graph for a Polymeric materialDescribe the fx graph for a Polymeric material
  56. 56What equation do you use to calculate tensionF=ma
  57. 57What is the change in energyNew energy - old energy
  58. 58How do you calculate the initial acceleration of a springFind initial tension, with f = kx, then find force applied to the spring, them f=ma a=f/m so net force on top (tension - force eg due to a mass) and mass on bottom
  59. 59What is the rule for springs in parallelWhen they have same force constant, they share the load so half extension, gradient of fx doubles Ktotal = K1 + K2
  60. 60What is the rule for springs in seriesTwice the extension, half the gradient on fx graph, 1/Ktotal = 1/K1 + 1/K2

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physics A level (M3 Chapter 6 materials) Karteikarten am Chapter 6 - Materials, erstellt von lizabeth rawson am 31/05/2021.
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