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- 1What are autobiographical memories?Data base of the self
Inform social and personal interaction
Historical and personal context
Continuity to experiences - episodic
Free retrieval or cued
Better remembering at different periods - lifespan retention curve
Easily damaged/affected by brain injury and psychiatric illness e.g. PTSD - 2Autobiographical memory across the lifespanWorking self: Conway 1977
develops when infant has subjective self awareness
based on self relevance and role of self in what gets remembered - goal hierarchy defines what is relevant - active goals and self conception
Lifespan retrieval curve
Childhood Amnesia 0-5 years (Fivush 1996) strong ABMs but can't be accessed in adulthood - Conway working self model goals during infancy are v diff from adulthood
Reminiscence bump 10-30
most salient ABMs during this period more vivid rather than preferential
idiosyncratic - define identity
enduring relation to the self
giving them dates makes it hard for them to become 'unstuck'
Recency (adulthood)
recent memories retrieved better than older - decay over time - can be retrieved in experiments so retrieval bias based on relevance to WS goal hierarchy rather than forgotten - 3Autobiographical Knowledge (ABK)General events: specific, repeated and extended events that can be organised re goal relevance
emotional
Robinson 1992 - act as reference points for subsequent similar events
contain generic images that can be used to access perceptual semantic and episodic memories to form detailed ABMs
Life periods: less event specific, first time memories, neg and pos, cue other associated memories, important role in life story, enduring self evaluations, goal related
Life story: Blick and Habermas 2000, coherent themes giving meaning to life, consist of schema, fixed, event encapsulation and help evaluate said events in relation to goals and reassessment
LP evaluations access GE info to provide evidence for such evaluations e.g. "at uni, not happy, maybe not suited to uni" - 4The Working SelfMarkus 1977: personality and accessibility of goal related ABK - preferential access re independent/dependent dimension
memories of behaving this way - bias
McAdams: self-memory congruency in intimacy/power motivation - goals of WS strengthen congruency effect
Woike 1995: affective/non affective and implicit/explicit motives
Retrieval mode can be disruptive so WS controls retrieval and memory construction
modulates access to LTM knowledge
Self defining moments and memories e.g. Pillemer 1996 - educational, adopting a life goal
Singer & Salovey 1993: sadness/anger, happiness/pride and goals
self defining memories contain such emotional info guiding knowledge on goal progress
adopt goals as solutions to self-discrepancies e.g. goal of intimacy if remember feeling needy as a child - 5Episodic and semantic memoryTulving's 1972 distinction is problematic as the LTMs in ABM contain episodic info (spatio-temporal) and semantic
semantic is an abstraction of episodic
Conway 2001 - sensory perceptual - experience near, event specific, doesn't integrate unless relevant to WS, explains why access to episodic memories is often lost and more general semantic info is retained
Recollective experience - sense of self in the past, images, feelings, lets you know if its a dream/fantasy/plan or if really happened
occurs when experience near, sensory perceptive knowledge is accessed during memory construction - 6Constructing ABMsGenerative retrieval: intentional, controlled, explicit - cue + goal of WS = ABM
cue = cinema - when did I go? LP when I was revising - access to GE - access to episodic memories - form ABM
effortful but efficient
Direct retrieval: unintentional, automatic, can be disruptive, intrusive, bypasses generative, WS can inhibit if high priority goal needs processing
Haque & Conway 2001 probes - length of probe has diff effects on type of retrieval and what happens to knowledge - GE decreases over time and specific increases - both can occur in same pattern
Construction of ABM: WS controls access to ABK and episodic memories - when cue maps onto episodic memories as part of GE and LP - stable pattern of activation - specific ABM can be linked to WS goals - memory enters conscious awareness - 7Autobiographical memory in distressPTSD: intrusive disruptive intense memories
John sees friend fall to death and subsequently suffers from PTSD
3 components: event, feelings at event, resulting symptoms
Main symptoms: re-experiencing, avoidance, hyper arousal
Negative impact on everyday life - disruption to normal cognitive function, avoidance symptoms can affect social life
Nature of intrusive trauma memories: vivid, exact copies remembered the same every time, sensory-perceptual episodic detail v strong - experience near, sense of nowness
prevent the WS from integrating them into ABMs as they don't fit in with active goals e.g. survival, most threat to goals = most likely to become PTSD memory - therapy often aims to make PTSD memories more like ABMs
no sense of self in the past
intense emotions from event e.g. disgust/fear (Grey 2002)
can be distortions Holmes 2005 or gaps e.g. John - 8What are ABMs?Bind the self to reality
Coherence model: knowledge guides retention and remembering
Correspondence model: accuracy and capacity of memory
WS draws on both type of model
central tenet ADAPTIVE COHERENCE
episodic memories are snippets from summaries of experience
WS goal structure determines what is filtered and integrated with LTM pre existing knowledge
- an ultimately selective process
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