Karteikarten
Brain imaging, neurons and brain structure basics
Karten in diesem Stapel (61)
- 1What is a CT scan and what does it do?Computerised Tomography.
Cross sections of the brain are images using a series of x-ray beams. - 2What does a Computerised angiography allow us to detect? What does it not tell us about?The blood vessels in the brain by using x-rays along with injecting a radio ppague dye. It does not reveal anything about brain function.
- 3What is a PET scan?Positron emission tomography gives us functional information by detecting a radioactive labelled material into patient's brain. Gives funtional information.
- 4What is an MRI?Magnetic Resonance Imaging uses electro magnetic fields to detect areas of brain activity.
- 5What is an fMRIA functional MRI that measures changes in blood flow to the brain and also provides a detailed anatomical view, giving us the anatomical basis of cognative function. Can also show areas affected in neurological or psychiatric function.
- 6What is nervous system made up of?Brain, spinal cord which is the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- 7What is a neuron that conveys information to the CNS?Sensory or afferent neuron
- 8What is a neuron that carries information away from the CNS?Motor or efferent neuron
- 9What is a nerve?A collection of axons in the PNS all physically located along side one another and extending over the same distance. Usually contains both afferent and efferent fibres.
- 10What is a nerve impulse?Brief pulse of electrical activity along an axon.
- 11In which direction do afferent and efferent fibres carry information?Afferent fibres carry info to the CNS and efferent fibres carry it away from the CNS.
- 12What are interneurons?Neither sensory or motor neurons but are located somewhere between the two types. They are deep in the brain or spinal cord
- 13What are the three protective tissues covering the brain and extending down the spinal cord called?Dura, arachnoid, pia mater, collectively known as Meninges. Pia mater lies closest to the brain.
- 14What ailments can affect meninges?Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges caused by bacterial or viral infections. Rupture of the blood vessels below either the dura or arachnoid mater occurs in some types of stroke.
- 15What are ventricles and what do they contain?Fluid filled spaces in the brain. They contain the cerebrospinal fluid CSF, which is similar in its constituents to blood plasma.
- 16What is the function of CSF in the brain?It helps to maintain a constant environment in the brain and can protect from mechanical injury through lessening the impact.
- 17Where is CSF produced and absorbed?It is produced in the choriod plexus and absorbed in the veins in the meninges.
- 18What can be said about functions in the brain in terms of where they are located?There is localization of function in the brain. However a complex activity will typically engage multiple areas.
- 19How much does the average human brain weigh?Around 1.4 kg, 2-5 % of the whole body wieght. Adult spinal cord is 35 g, but it consumes around fifth of the oxygen and glucose used by the body.
- 20What two parts is the brain separated into and what joins them?Cerbral hemispheres, left and right, joined by the corpus callosum.
- 21What is myelin?Fat rich electrically insulating layer that surrounds many axons.
- 22Why do the cerebral hemispheres appear wrinkled? What does this achieve?Because the cerebral cortex, the outer layer, is folded. It allows for a greater amount of brain tissue
- 23How many neurons does the cerebral cortex contain?15 billion neurons.
- 24What is hydrocephalus?A build up of CSF in the brain which can cause surrounding tissue ie the cerebral cortex to shrink. Some people with moderate retention manage to function well.
- 25Whilst imaging studies suggest regions of our brains tend to assume speciallized tasks what is needed for reasoning and learning?Coordination between different regions of the brain.
- 26How many lobes can each hemisphere be divided into?4 lobes that can have both anatomical and functional meaning. Frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital.
- 27What are sulcus, (plural sulci)?The folds in the cerebral cortex. They can be used as landmarks for describing brain regions.
- 28How many areas did Brodmann divide the brain into?52, which equated to some extent with their functional organisation.
- 29Which lobe is the largest?Frontal lobe.
- 30Which lobe sits directly behind the Frontal and is more to the top?Parietal Lobe.
- 31Which lobe is more to the back of the brain and nearer the bottom?Occipital lobe.
- 32Which lobe is underneath the frontal and parietal and directly in front of the occipital?Temporal lobe.
- 33What was affected and what was unaffected when an iron rod went through Gage's frontal lobe?Gage's intellectual faculties were unaffected but his personality changed. He no longer had restraint or well mannered behaviour.
- 34Why does blood flow need to increase when an area of the brain is more active?That area will require more oxygen and glucose.
- 35What areas of the brain are involved in active planning?Corticol association areas.
- 36What do corticol association areas do?They integrate information from different areas of the cortex and perform cognitave functions. E.g. they might integrate incoming sensory info with on going performance and memory with the consequence of putting a plan into effect..
- 37As well as cortical association areas what primary cortex does the frontal lobe have?The primary motor cortex. It sends commands to the skeletal muscles.
- 38Where is the primary visual cortex located?In the occipital lobe - area 17 on Brodmann's diagrams.
- 39Primary audio cortex is located where?In the temporal lobe - areas 41 and 42 in Brodmann's.
- 40Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?On the parietal lobe - areas 1, 2 and 3 on Brodmann's.
- 41What are the main deeper structures of the brain discussed in SK277?Amygdala, hippocampus, brain areas that form the limbic system, the basal ganglia, thalamus and hypothalamus.
- 42What is the amygdala concerned with?Attaching emotional significance to sensory information. THerefore it also has a role in memory and motivation.
- 43THe amygdala is involved with other brain areas which together forms part of what system?It is involved with the hippocampus and other areas to form the limbic system.
- 44In what two ways can the limbic system be described?Scientists and neuroscientists think it is the emotion system but neuroanatomist Per Brodal describes it as the 'substituting magical naming for understanding.'
- 45Where do the amygdala and hippocamus lie?In the middle of the temporal lobes.
- 46What feelings can stimulation of the region containing the amygdala and hippocamus cause?Fear,, hunger, lust.
- 47What is the hippocampus also involved in?Memory. Particularly short term memory and processing, storage of memories and consolidation into long term memory.
- 48What does the term nucleus mean in brain anatomy?Any histologically identifiable (by tissue type) mass of neuronal cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord.
- 49What are the basal ganglia made up of?Three large collections of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei).
- 50What roles do the basal ganglia have?They do not directly receive sensory info or influence motor output but they have a role in learning motor skills, control of movement, particularly its initiation.
- 51What diseases would be associated with the basal ganglia?Disorders of movement such as Huntington's (an excess of involuntary movement) and Parkinson's ( an inadequacy of voluntary movement.
- 52How can some types of epilepsy, where a part of the brain is contastantly active, (focal or partial) be stopped?By severing the corpus collosum.
- 53What does the thalamus do?Processes and interprets sensory information received from the peripheral nervous system and relays it to the appropriate part of the cortex. It also links the cerebral cortex to other parts of the brain. It links to the basal ganglia and has a role in control of movement.
- 54What does hypo mean in hypothalamus?Lower than. In this case lower than the thalamus.
- 55What does the hypothalamus do?Homeostatic functions - heart rate, respiration, fat metabolism, regulating body temp, appetite and water. Acts as a bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems through production and regulation of hormones. Role in organising sexual inclinations.
- 56What system is the hypothalamus deemed part of due to its role in organising sexual inclination and due to its connection to the amygdala and hippocampus?The Limbus System.
- 57What are the regions of the brain stem called?Mid brain, Pons and Medula.
- 58What is the brain stem concerned with?Basic activities for life- the medula controls breathing, blood circulation, vommiting, swallowing. Structures within the pons regulate sleep.
- 59When is a patient declared legally dead?When all activity in the brain stem ceases.
- 60Where is the cerebellum situated?Behind the brainstem.
- 61—
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von vicstevens am 21/09/2015.
- Erstellt von
- vicstevens
- Aufrufe
- 0
- Bewertung