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Unit 5 Notes- AP Psych
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- 1MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage retrieval of information
- 2Flashbulb Memoriesa clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
- quick, clear image of an exact moment - 3Stages of memory: Encodinginformation going into the memory system
(by extracting meaning from time) - 4Stages of memory: StorageRetaining information that has been stored
(both long and short term memory) - 5Stages of memory: RetrievalThe process of getting information back out at a later point in time
- 6Atkinson-Shiffrin's Processing ModelIncludes:
sensory memory
short term memory
long term memory - 7Sensory memoryimmediate memory of sensory information
- our senses have memory - 8short term memoryworks briefly until it is either rehearsed or lost (only if we pay attention to sensory memory)
-Working memory: conscious active processing, verbal & visual components separate so that you can do things at once, only when you need it and it's gone
- i.e. verification code, only remember in the moment when u need it & forget mins later - 9long term memorypermanent storehouse of the memory system (knowledge, skills, experiences)
Limitless + Permanent - 10EncodingWe do parallel processing (multitasking). We automatically process some info without any effort
- 11Automatic processes: Spacewhere objects (like words on a page) are in relation to other things
- 12Automatic Processes: Timeunintentionally note the sequence of events
(trying to remember where you were when you last saw your sunglasses) - 13Automatic Processes: Frequencykeep track of how many things will happen
(someone calling you multiple times) - 14Automatic processes: well-learned informationi.e. reading unintentionally
- 15Effortful Processingencoding that takes attention and conscious effort
- makes durable and accessible memories - 16Rehearsalconscious repetition
- Herman Ebbinghaus: more time we spend learning, the longer/better we remember - 17Spacing effectLearn & retain info better when rehearsal is distributed over time
(space out studying, don't cram for tests) - 18Serial position effectthe order in which things are that we remember
- remember the start & ending better than the middle
- Primacy + Recency Effect - 19Primacy Effectthe tendency to have enhanced memory for items in the beginning of a list
- 20Recency Effectthe items found at the end of a list or learned most recently are remembered best
- 21Levels of Processing Theorythe longer and deeper the information is processed, the longer a memory will last and the easier it is to recall
- 22Shallow Processing (structural)when we encode only physical qualities of something
V I S U A L - 23Intermediate Processing (phonemic)when we encode the sound
A C O U S T I C - 24Deep Processing (Semantic/meaning)when we encode the meaning
- 25Visual Encoding (picture)encoding of picture images
- 26Acoustic Encoding (sound)encoding of sound and the sound of words
- 27Semantic Encoding (meaning)encoding of meaning, especially the meaning of words
- 28Imagerymental pictures help tremendously in encoding, when they are linked with meaningful (semantic) ecoding
- 29Mnemonic Devicesmemory aids; ways to organize information to help you remember
T R I C K S - 30Chunkingwe can recall info better when we can organize it into meaningful clusters/chunks
i.e. (_ _ _) - _ _ _ - _ _ _ - 31Hierarchiesdividing info in to groups + subgroups
i.e. grocery list (veggies, fruits, meat, etc.) - 32Method of Lociassociating visual representations w/ info to help memorize something
i.e. "i was looking at the window when I studied this; I remember it" - 33Link Method + Peg Word- A method that creates mental images + links them to the item you are wanting to remember (sometimes chained together)
- visually associate words with the "peg-word" & create a mental picture to help memorize
i.e. tune of a song + put in diff. words to remember information - 34Iconic memory (eyeconic)a fleeting photographic memory, a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few seconds
- 35Echoic memory (ear)we can recall what we hear 3-5 seconds earlier, even if our attention is focused on something else
-i.e. not paying attention, but can still repeat what the other person just said - 36Short term storage- limited in both duration and capacity
- can store about 7 bits of info (+ or - 2)
- better for random #s than random letters
- w/out rehearsal + meaning chunks we can retain about 4 chunks - 37Long term storagelimitless amount of space
- we can pretty much store as much info that we are willing to keep. - 38Synaptic changesmemories are not stored in one specific place, they're rather neural impulses that are strengthened by use
- i.e. the more you think about it, the more you remember - 39Long Term Potentiation (LTP)The prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing
- neural basis for learning & memory - 40Stress Hormones- released when excited or stressed enhance memory
- stronger emotional experiences lead to stronger, more reliable memories
- prolonged stress, can corrode neural connections, shrink hippocampus, + block memories
- i.e. you remember better when you have a deep emotional connection to a memory - 41Hippocampus (more processing)- where memories are initially held
- damage can cause memory loss (depends on what side)
- subregions link to facial recognition
- rear area involves spatial memory
- temporary storage space - 42Cerebellum (like muscle memory)- helps form and store implicit memories
- things you know what do to w/out thinking
- i.e. knowing how to brush your teeth - 43Amnesiathe loss of memory
(explicit memory) - 44Implicitremembering how to do things, perform certain actions & skills
- no conscious recall
- skills: motor and cognitive
- things you can do in your "sleep" or with "closed eyes"
- i.e. walking, writing/typing, eating, etc. - 45Explicitremembering personally experienced events
- conscious recall
- facts: general knowledge
- semantic (meaning) memory
- experiences we've had/ things learned
- i.e. vacations, relationships, events from the past - 46Recallretrieve info learned earlier
(fill in the blank test) - 47RecognitionIdentify items previously learned
(multiple choice test) - 48Relearningassesses the amount of time saved when learning something a second time
(going over notes of things you don't remember) - 49Priming- activates associations in memory
- we have context that helps us remember
- i.e. talking to a witness & helping them remember the crime - 50Context effects- we remember things better when put in the same context where we experienced them
- i.e. bringing a witness back to the crime scene to remember what happened - 51Deja Vuthe feeling that "I've experienced this before"
cues or context from the current experience may be subconsciously be triggering the retrieval of an earlier experience - 52State Dependent Memory (state of mind; emotional/mood)you don't remember certain things until you are in the same state of mind again
- when laughing you remember all the funny stories
- when crying you remember all the sad things
- when happy you remember all the good things - 53Mood Congruent memory (memory filter)we tend to remember experiences that are consistent w/ our current mood
- mood affects how we interpret other people's behavior
- how you filter memories based on your mood
- i.e. Mrs. Gould talking about her childhood - 54encoding failurewhat we fail to encode we will never remember
- affected by age
- w/out effort, many memories never form - 55storage decaycourse of forgetting is rapid at first, then levels off with time (Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve)
- it goes away if you don't use it - 56retrieval failureThe info is in your memory, but cannot be accessed
- it was encoded & stored, but cannot be retrieved bc retrieval cues are not present
- i.e. when you take a test & yk that you learned it but cannot remember the info - 57Retroactive Interference (old)NEW information gets in the way of OLD information
- i.e. new gf makes you forget old gf
- i.e. "did I learn this in unit 5 (rn) or unit 2 (old)?" - 58Proactive interferenceOLD information gets in the way of NEW information
- i.e. love new gf, but forgets her name & call's her by ex's name - 59Motivated Forgettingtake memories and color it so we look/feel better (unconsciously or consciously)
- 60Repressionwe repress painful memories to minimize anxiety + protect our self-concept
- they can surface later
- push it away and try to forget it - 61Leading Questionsdepending on how a question is asked we may recall different things
- 62Misinformation Effectincorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
- 63False memoriesThe more we retell the misinformation (imagined part of the memory) the more confident we are about the reality of it
- 64Elizabeth Loftuspsychologist, performed several experiments to test this effect, using images of historical events and personal events
- 65Imagined Eventsthey later seem more familiar and familiar things seem more real
- 66Source Amnesia (memory misattribution)attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced about, read about, to imagined (unintentional plagiarism)
- 67Retrograde Amnesia (old)lose old memories from the point of a traumatic event to the past
- 68Anterograde Amnesiayou lose the ability to form new memories (still remember the past)
- 69CognitionThe mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, remembering & communication
- 70Conceptmental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
- 71Concept Hierarchyanimals & humans organizes things in groups + hierarchies to help make sense of things
- Binders of our brain
- helps us remember and understand it - 72PrototypeA mental image or the best example of a category—helps us classify new things
- icons for the binders in our brain
- robin as a prototype for a bird - 73Trial and errortry something until it works
- 74Algorithmlogical, step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution
- No messing up
- longer
- walk every single isle to find the peanut butter - 75Heuristicssimple, thinking strategy that helps us solve problems efficiently—speedier but more error-prone
- Not guaranteed a solution
- looking at labels of isles to find PB, or asking a worker for help - 76Insightwhen the solution just "comes to you" w/out strategy. Provides self-satisfaction & pride & shows that not everything is conditioned
- You just know where the PB is - 77Confirmation Biasour tendency to search for info that confirms our preconceptions—we look for an answer that will make us right
- 78Fixationthe inability to solve a problem bc we won't look from a new perspective. We get "fixed" on one approach
- becoming obsessed with one thing - 79Mental setBeing fixed on one way of solving a problem, especially when it has worked in the past
- It worked before it will continue to work - 80Functional FixednessBeing fixed on one way of an object—this gets in the way of problem-solving bc it limits our resources to their original/usual function
- don't use a towel to cover from the rain bc a towel is typically used after swim practice - 81Representativeness heuristicJudging the likelihood of things based on how well they represent the prototype—we can misjudge bc we use stereotypes instead of logic
- If it's similar to something yk you believe it's common
-Assuming a major based on a person's personality - 82Availability HeuristicJudging the likelihood of things based on the availability of the info in our memory. If it comes to mind quickly, we assume the vent is common
- we think plane crashes are more common than car accident bc of a big plane crash - 83overconfidencewe overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge
- more confident than correct - 84Framingthe way we present an issue
- 85Belief Perseverancewe will believe illogical thing if they back up our beliefs.
- ignore evidence that contracts our beliefs
- tend to cling to our theories even if a lot of evidence proves it wrong - 86creativitythe ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
- 87Divergent thinkingComing to many solutions to one problem
- 88Convergent thinkingTaking perspective and coming to one solution to a problem
- look for the best answer/solution - 89Languageour spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
- important as it allows us to pass knowledge down through generations & build a civilization - 90Phonemesmallest distinctive sound unit
- how sound changes meaning
-i.e. read vs. read, tear vs. tear - 91Morphemethe smallest unit that carries meaning
-can be a word or part of a word like a prefix
- i.e. un, for - 92Grammara system of rules that help us to communicate
- 93syntaxrules for combining words into sensible sentences
- in English: adj. before nouns
- in Spanish: nouns before adj. - 94Semanticsthe rules that help us make meaning of morphemes
- ed- means past tense - 95Babbling stageinfants utter various sounds (3-4 M)
- babies can tell when a face expression matches a sound - 96One word stage Two word stagebabies speak in mostly single words (1yr)
babies speak in 2 word sentences (2yr) - 97Telegraphic stageearly speech that sounds like a telegram, usually contains nouns, verbs, adj.
-pretty tree, car go fast, mommy get water, etc. - 98B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioningwe develop lang. through associations, imitations, reinforcement, etc.
we learn through "nurture" and env. - 99Nam Chomsky Universal Inborn GrammarHumans have a grammar template that gets filled w/ the lang. they learned
- born and prepared to create words and learn grammar - 100Cognitive Neuroscientists statistical learning CRITICAL PERIODcritical period is the first few years of life that are critical in learning grammar and lang.
- Before 7 years old
- If we don't learn certain things by then, we won't learn them again or the way we're supposed to - 101Linguistic DeterminismHow language influences thinking
- think differently when speaking different languages
- lang can define a culture
- to expand lang. is to expand thinking ability - 102Thinking without languageHow thinking influences language
- some things we think visually & then put it into words
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- 11th grade AP Psych Karteikarten am Unit 5 Notes- AP Psych , erstellt von Marina Orozco am 30/11/2022.
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