Karteikarten
Waves Part 1
Karten in diesem Stapel (68)
- 1Progressive waves (travelling waves)moves out from a source and has no net transfer of energy
- 2Stationary Waves (or Standing Waves)Energy is stored in kinetic energy of the medium with no net transfer of energy
- 3Transverse wavesthe oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of the energy transfer (electromagnetic waves)
- 4Longitudinal wavesthe oscillation is parallel to the direction of energy transfer
- 5Mechanical wavesthe oscillation is made up of particles so can't travel through a vacuum
- 6Electromagnetic wavesare oscillating electric and magnetic fields so can travel through a vacuum
- 7Displacementthe metres changed of a point's position from its equilibrium
- 8Amplitudethe MAXIMUM displacement from the rest position
- 9Wavelengththe distance between adjacent points that are at the same point in the period
- 10FrequencyNumber of waves passing a point per second
- 11Wave speedrate of coverage of distance
- 12Periodtime taken to complete one cycle
- 13Equation for frequencyFrequency = 1/Period
- 14Equation for wave speedwave speed = frequency * wavelength
- 15Properties of wavesDescribe waves:
amplitude
frequency
wavelength/ period
power
intensity - 16PhenomenaBehaviours of waves:
reflection
refraction
diffraction
polarisation - 17Poweramount of energy transferred per second
- 18Reflectionwhen a wave bounces off a barrier or surface with the same energy and frequency as before
- 19Diffractionwhen a wave encounters an obstacle or bends around it and spreads out
- 20Intensitythe amount of energy arriving per second on each 1m^2 of area
- 21Factors that impact intensitythe time exposed to the wave
distance between the wave source and the 'target' - 22Intensity unitsW/m^2
- 23Intensity equationintensity = power/area
- 24relationship between intensity and the radiusintensity is directly proportional to radius^2
- 25polarisationthe electric field oscillations is known as a plane of polarisation when a transverse becomes polarised there is only one plane of polarisation
- 26plane polarisationwhen all light is made to oscillate in a single plane perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer
- 27Sound wavesare longitudinal waves they propagate through a medium due to regular vibrations of molecules causing pressure variations
- 28Rarefactiona point of low pressure on a longitudinal wave
- 29Compressiona point of high pressure in a longitudinal wave
- 30When a wave (transverse or longitudinal) is at incident with a boundarysome of the wave is transmitted trough the medium some of it is reflected. the reflected part can be used to locate objects
- 31examples of the reflected part can be used to locate objectsecho location (bats, dolphins), detecting cracks in metal objects, locating objects
- 32Ultrasoundabove human hearing (>20kHz)
- 33Examples of ultrasoundSmart homes, medical applications, no destructive testing
- 34Infrasoundbelow human hearing (<10Hz)
- 35Examples of infrasoundvolcanic eruptions avalanches, severe storms
- 36Hight frequency sound waves are better suited tolocation/imaging technologies as they have a shorter wavelength
- 37Short wavelengths allow imaging/location technologies tointeract with finer objects leading to higher resolution and more accurate localisation
- 38Short wavelengthshave shorter distance between peak and trough meaning higher frequency and higher energy meaning that penetrating solid materials easier
- 39less diffraction meansbetter resolution (the greater the wavelength the more it will diffract)
- 40A pulse is used instead ofA continuous signal
- 41The echo needs to be detected beforeThe next pulse is emitted
- 42The doppler effectDescribes the change in wavelength of a wave when there is motion between the source and the detector
- 43Speed of sound apparatusSignal generator with loud speaker
Oscilloscope
2 metre rulers
Long leads
A thermometer - 44Phase difference of a single waveHalf a cycle (180°/π)
- 45AntiphaseThe 2 waves are 180°/π radiuns out of phase
- 46WavefrontsRays show the direction of the wave
Wavefronts show lines of constant phase - 47Principle of superpositionWhen 2 or more waves overlap the resultant displacement at a point to the vector sum of the individual displacement at that point
- 48Constructive wavesWhen the waves peaks/troughs meet
The waves are in phase - 49Destructive wavesPeak meets a trough
The waves are in antiphase - 50Stationary Waves (or 2 coherent waves)2 waves meet with the same frequency and a constant phase difference but are oscillating in opposite directions
- 51Nodeposition of minimum displacement (where the waves meet)
- 52Antinodeposition of maximum displacement (where the waves are at their maximum distance apart)
- 53Wavespeed equationwavespeed^2 = tension in string/mass per unit length
- 54How to Calculate TensionTension= mass x gravitational field strength
- 55wavelength in the 1st harmonic (the fundamental) when L is the lengthwavelength = 2L
- 56wavelength in the 2nd harmonic when L is the lengthwavelength = L
- 57wavelength in the 3rd harmonic when L is the lengthwavelength= 2L/3
- 58wavelength in the 4th harmonic when L is the lengthwavelength= L/2
- 59how to calculate the frequencyv=√(T⁄μ)
v=fλ
fλ=√(T⁄μ)
f=1/λ √(T/μ) - 60Longitudinal stationary wavessound waves can either interfere with their reflections. they can only form in pipes, depending on whether the tube has an open/closed end
- 61What do i and r mean in terms of refractioni - angle of incidence
r - angle of refraction - 62Refractionwhen light hits the boundary between 2 materials with different optical densities
- 63what happens when refractingthe speed of light changes and if different parts of the light wave hit the boundary at different times, due to the hitting angle the light changes direction
- 64Equation for refractive indexrefractive index = speed of light in a vacuum /speed of light in the material
- 65air refractive index isapproximately 1
- 66speed of light in a vacuum3×10^8
- 67Snell's Lawwhere n is the refractive index
- 68If one of the materials is air a graph can be plottedwith Sinθ_1 on the x axis and Sinθ_2 on the y axis
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- Beschreibung
- A level Physics (Waves) Karteikarten am Waves Part 1, erstellt von Rose Wakeford am 03/02/2026.
- Erstellt von
- Rose Wakeford
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