Karteikarten
Skeletal System Practice
Karten in diesem Stapel (40)
- 1Give the meaning of the following terms a) Prone b) Medial c) Posterior d) Ipsilaterala) Lying face down
b) Nearer the midline
c) Nearer the back
d) On the same side - 2Describe the position of the sagittal placeDivides the body from left to right
- 3Give 4 functions of the skeletonFramework for the body
Attachment for muscles and tendons Permits movement (joints)
Forms boundaries (skull)
Red bone marrow forms blood cells Reservoir for minerals - 4What are the four components of an osteon?Lamella = Extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen fibres. Give bone strength
Lacunae = Space between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes
Canaliculi – Network of little canals that provide a route for osteocytes to receive nutrients and remove waste
Central canal = contains blood vessels and nerves - 5Describe the structure of spongy boneIrregular lattice of trabeculae Red bone marrow
- 6What is the name of the cells that form new bone?Osteoblasts
- 7What is the name of the special place in a bone around which growth occurs?Epiphyseal plate
- 8What does the term appositional growth mean?(1 mark) Bones increase in diameter and thickness
- 9Give 2 ways in which parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium levelsIncreases osteoclast activity Increases vitamin D
Increases kidney retention of calcium - 10What is the job of calcitonin?(1 mark)
Decrease blood calcium when it is too high.
It inhibits osteoclasts and speeds up bone intake and deposition of calcium - 11Name the 5 parts of the axial skeletonSkull
Inner ear ossicles Throat hyoid bone Chest (thoracic cage) Vertebral column. - 12Name the 3 types of boneLong
Short
Flat - 13Give example of Long boneClavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
- 14Give example of short boneShort - carpals and tarsals
Irregular – Vertebræ, Sacrum, coccyx, Temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid - 15Give example of short boneShort- Skull bones, Scapula, Hip bone, Sternum, Ribs
Sesamoid - Patella, pisiform (carpal bone), Sesamoid bones of the 1st metatarsal of the foot - 16What is the function of the fontanelles?Allow the baby’s head through the birth canal
- 17How many intervertebral disc are there?24
- 18What is the medical name for the bone in the upper arm?Humerus
- 19What is the medical name for the bigger bone in the lower leg?Tibia
- 20Where are the phalanges located?Fingers and toes
- 21What does the term insertion mean?The point of insertion is the point of attachment to the bone the muscle moves
- 22What is suture and where would you find oneFixed joint in the skull
- 23Give an example of a ball and socket jointHip and shoulder
- 24Where would you find a pivot jointRadioulnar joint in the arm
- 25What is the main function of bursa?Cushion movement of these tissue against one another
- 26What is the term used to describe moving a body part in a circle?Circumduction
- 27What does the term dorsiflexion mean?Bending the foot up
- 28What kind of structures appear white on an x-ray?Bones, tumours, lungs with pneumonia
- 29What does the term pathological fracture mean?Fracture because bone is weakened by disease
- 30Why do women become more prone to osteoporosis after the menopauseReduction in oestrogen – Oestrogen help control osteoclast activity
- 31Suggest 3 risk factors for osteoporosisSmoking / High alcohol consumption
Poor diet / Sedentary lifestyle
Family history / Long term steroid use
Endocrine problems e.g. inability to produce oestrogen Corticosteroid and some anti-epileptic use - 32What is rickets?Softening of bones due to failed mineralization in the bone matrix
- 33Give 3 symptoms of hypercalcaemiaMuscle weakness Lethargy Anorexia
Nausea
Polyuria
Irregular heartbeat - 34What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?Sprain: Trauma forcing a joint beyond this range, stretching/tearing ligament(s)
A strain is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon. People commonly call strains "pulled" muscles. - 35What is the main cause of scoliosis?Everyday imbalance (e.g. Carrying rucksack on one shoulder)
- 36Whats the osteoarthritis conditionsWear and tear v’s autoimmune
Articular cartilage v’s synovial membrane
Older people v’s 30-50
Asymmetric v’s Symmetrical
Non-inflammatory v’s Inflammatory
No additional symptoms v’s Additional symptoms - 37rheumatoid arthritisRA – Additional Sx / Eye problems – pain in eyes or dry eyes Subcutaneous nodules
Neurological complications, especially due to erosion of the C2 odontoid peg, or cruciate ligament supporting this part of the neck
General malaise / Atlantoaxial subluxation and compression of the spinal cord - quadriparesis.
Kidney problems - 38What is the main presenting symptom in gout?Joint becomes red, swollen, very painful and shiny
- 39Suggest 2 conditions that may be underlying in a gout suffererAlcohol abuse
Obesity
Artherosclerosis
Hypertension ( High B.P.) - 40What is ankylosing spondylitis?Chronic inflammation of spine and sacroiliac joints, often leading to spinal fusion (ankyloses) and reduced movement.