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- 1Contingency management strategies (CMS)refer to a group of behavioral interventions to alter environmental conditions that are antecedents or consequences of behavior. The CMS are mostly used to modify behavior of children, individuals with developmental disabilities or severe psychological disorders. For individuals with normal cognitive functioning, CMS can be used for behavioral excesses or deviations maintained by primary reinforces (for example drugs, alcohol and sexual promiscuity).
- 2Behavioral contingencyis the causal relation between events in which behavior occurs, behavior itself and the consequences of the behavior. It is a central concept associated with CMS. We speak of behavioral contingency only if the behavior specified in the relation is performed.
THE link between events! - 3stimulus controlworks by altering the antecendents to behaviour
- 4The two general classes of antecedentSD - discriminative stimuli
EO- establishing operations
Discriminative stimuli are events that signal the likelihood of punishment or reinforcement and a SD in operant conditioning is different from a conditional stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning. In classical conditioning the individual ‘s responses are automatically, SDs only influence whether or not an individual will respond in a particular manner - 5A behavior under stimulu controlA behavior is under stimulus control when it occurs in the presence
of a particular stimulus, but not in its absence (Kazdin, 2001). In the
case of June, she typically used heroin only when her friend Fred urged her to
use, and when drugs and paraphernalia were available - 6operant learning processes (what they do? )Edith has learned
through operant learning processes that if Sam asks her to engage in sexual
activity on certain occasions (SD), and if she agrees and participates in sexual
relations (behavior in presence of SD), she will avoid being hit and insulted
by Sam (negative reinforcement for behavior in the presence of the SD, as
her behavior results in the termination of the husband's threats and avoidance
of physical abuse). If she refuses, however, Sam may hit or insult her.
Edith's behavior of acquiescing to Sam's sexual requests has come under the
control of antecedent stimuli (SD) - 7the diference between discriminative stimulus (SD) in operant learning is different from a conditional stimulus (CS)in operant
learning, the individual is not responding in an automatic manner to stimuli
in the environment. Whereas in classical conditioning a CS automatically
elicits a response in a reflexive manner, SD in operant conditioning set the
occasion for certain behaviors by signaling the likelihood of reinforcing or
punishing consequences. SD and other contextual variables - 8Assumptions of contingency management:1. Contingency management is most effective when direct-acting environmental antecedents influence the target behavior instead of (verbal) rules.
2. CMS can only increase behavior that is already part of the individual’s behavioral repertoire. - 9another class of antecedent stimuli, establishing operations (EOs),Sam is her primary source of emotional (or physical) intimacy, and she
feels deprived of physical closeness and intimacy. In this case, Edith's current
state of deprivation constitutes an EO.
Even though she does not really want to have sex, her probability
of saying "yes" might be somewhat elevated, as deprivation from intimacy
(an EO) increases the positively reinforcing properties of sexual activity. - 10Applying contingency management interventions:1. Specify and operationalize target behaviors
2. Orienting the client to contingency management
3. Clinicians should be alert to the occurrence of target behaviors within and outside the sessions. - 11Cue elimination Burning bridgesCue elimination is an approach of removing, eliminating or avoiding cues that occasion target behaviors that need to be altered in therapy.
Burning bridges is cutting of contact with the people associated with drug use. - 12modifying the antecedentsthis involves changing the cues that are strongly associated with the problematic behavior. An example of this strategy is asking drug-using peers to stop offering drugs in the client’s presence.
- 13discrimination therapyDiscrimination therapy is especially useful when clients have problems that result from inappropriate stimulus generalization. Neutral stimuli that are similar to the SD are prone to stimulus generalization and then become signs for threat to the client. Individuals who suffer from PTSD show a generalization of trauma related cues.
SO they should learn that Other stimulus situations (S delta) are associated with the unavailability of reinforcement. - 14self-labeling trainingTeaching a client how to accurately label emotional experiencing is called self-labeling training.
- 15(Over)Satiation therapyinvolves an excessive amount of reinforcers to make them less desirable or less effective in influencing behavior. An example of satiation is masturbatory satiation, which can be used for pedophiles. The goal of the therapy is reducing sexual arousal to inappropriate stimuli such as children. Because of prolonged masturbation the sensations are no longer pleasurable and the inappropriate sexual stimuli will lose their stimulating qualities.
othe example is hording towels - give them manyyy - 16Non-contingent delivery of events, actions or objectscan help to reduce the behaviors in addition to a larger treatment program
For chronically suicidal individuals it can be helpful when the therapist uses the strategy of a random support call that is a non-contingent delivery of attention and support. Forms of self-harm and attention from the environment become less associated - 17There are three essential steps to alter consequences to influence behavior1. Determine which contingencies are under control of the therapist and client.
2. Determine how problematic behaviors can be punished.
3. Determine how to reinforce desirable behaviors. - 18scheduling of reinforcement influences the degree to which reinforcement increases future behavior.• Continuous schedule
• Variable ratio schedule - 19what is Arbitrary reinforcersArbitrary reinforcers do not occur in the client’s natural environment.
- 20When a behavior that is not currently in the person’s repertoireshaping is the most appropriate intervention. Shaping is about reinforcing successful approximations to a final response. Every time it takes a closer approximation to the desired response for the client to get the reinforcement. Shaping processes are often informally carried out and use behavioral rehearsal
- 21Hernstein’s matching law the intensityfrequency and time that an individual spends performing particular behavior is directly proportional to the reinforcement value of the behavior.
- 22premarkingTo increase low-rate behaviors the high-frequency behaviors should be contingent on performance of the low-frequency behaviors
- 23• Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO): • Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA1 focusing on avaoiding behavior and receiving reiforcement for that
2 replacing problematic behavior with focusing on more adaptive behaviours that produce similar outcomes. Its actually shapping - 24extinction burstSometimes the undesirable target behavior temporarily increases in frequency after positive reinforcement is withdrawn
- 25Covert sensitizationis used to reduce behavioral excesses (5-10 times per session) and is based on positive punishment principles. The client needs to imagine participating in the target behavior and the co-occurrence of some type of aversive event
used for abuse of substances, gambling,
sexual deviations such as pedophilia or exhibitionism, nail biting, overeating - 26Olfactory aversionis also based on positive punishment principles and can reduce sexually deviant behaviors.
an aversive odor from a noxious substance is self administered immediatly after the onset of a target behaviour - 27Responses cost interventionsare based on negative punishment principles, which involve removing a rewarding event to weaken targeted behavior (speeding ticket, time out, donation jar).
- 28strategies to modify behaviour through contiengency of self management procedures* delay of gratification
* behavioural contracting
* habit reversal procedure
awarness training
* competiting response training
*toten system - 29—
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