Karteikarten
Neuro system
Karten in diesem Stapel (200)
- 1Cells that myelinate the nerve cells in the CNS/PNS?Oligodendrocyte/Schawnn cells
- 2PSNS vs SNS differences?PSNS longer pre ganglionic neurone
PSNS neurotransmitter always ACh - 3What decreases the risk of NTD?Folic acid
- 4Number of layers in the cortex? Neurones break through which plate to reach cortical plate?6
Subplate - 5Where do the two dura layers spilt?When brain fissures at falx cerebra
- 6The superficial layer is different to the deep layer how?Not continuous with the spinal cord
- 7What allows the CSF to drain into the sinuses at the Falx cerebri?Arachnoid Villi
- 8Tentorial herniation occurs why? and damages what?SOL (tumour) causing dura to exert pressure on the brain leading to Brainstem/cerebral and cranial nerve damage
- 9Collections of arachnoid villi are called?Granulations
- 10CSF produced by what cells?Choroid plexus
- 11Haemorrhage types and what vessels burst?Extra dural- meningeal arteries
Sub dural-cerebral veins
Subarachnoid-Cerebral artery - 12Four differences in CSF and blood?Low glucose and potassium
Protein and cholesterol - 13Describe CSF circulation?Lateral to 3rd to 4th into subarachnoid space
- 14What happens when CSF is continuosly produced?Hydrocephalus
- 15What areas lack the BBB?Areas around 3th and 4th ventricle
- 16Dicenphalon is?Thalamus/hypothalamus
- 17Hypothalamus connected to, functions?Connected to pituitary gland, maintains drinking eating and circadian rhythms
- 18Functions of the amygdala and hippocampus?Social behaviour and emotion
memory - 19Functions of temporal/occipital/parietalAuditory/visual and sensory and motor functions
- 20Explain the loop involving the basal ganglia and SMABasal ganglia to the ventral nucleus which is in the thalamus, this directs info to the SMA that distributes it amongst the cortex then back to basal ganglia
- 21Lentiform nucleus/striatum are composed of? LN is lateral or medial to the internal capsulePutamen/GP
Putamen and caudate nucleus
Lateral, GP most medial then putamen - 22Connections from the BG to the thalamus are?Internal segments of the GP and substantia nigra (pars reticulate)
- 23Dopamine containing neurones are?pars compacta
- 24Direct and indirect pathways function? Describe each pathway briefly?Direct activate movement
Indirect inhibit movement
GABA inhibition of IGP so no longer inhibits thalamus, Glutamate stimulation of IGP so increases tonic inhibition of thalamus - 25Parkinsons disease is caused by degeneration in what part of the brain?Substantia nigra
- 26Huntingtons diseaseLost of striatal neurones and then lost of cortical neurones
- 27Ballism is caused by?Damage to subthalamic nuclei, and it excites the IGP that inhibits movement.
- 28The vertebral arteries branch off where?Subclavian
- 29Describe what part of the brain each branch of COW supplies?ACA-Parietal and frontal
MCA-temporal
PCA-occipital - 30Lower limb,Upper limb and face motor and sensory arterial supply?Anterior supplies lower limb and middle supplies upper limb
- 31Describe a watershed infarct?When perfusion pressure is low can occur where blood supply overlaps?
- 32Commonest site for an ischaemic stroke and why?Middle cerebral artery, connected to ICA, so emboli elsewhere in the body can reach the MCA
- 33CBF=, how much of the CO does the brain use?CPP/CVR
15%
CPP=MAP-ICP - 34Range of brain auto regulation?50-170
- 35CBF maintained by what 3 things?Neural/metabolic/myogenic
Neuronal control is weak - 36PSNS/SNS control arises from where?Facial and superior cervical ganglion
- 37Metabolic control?Decreasing pH and increases CO2 pressure causes VD
Increases in K+ causes VD - 38Reduction in O2 supply triggers production of what chemicalAdenosine within 5 secs
- 39Myogenic control does what to vesselsConstricts them
- 40Marker used for fMRIgadolinium
- 41Final type of brain imagingPET
- 42Three components of the skullBrain tissue/blood/csf
- 43Average ICP20mmHg
True is between 5-13mmHg - 44CPP/mean BP/ ICP equationCPP=MAP-ICP
- 45Cardiac arrests causes what at watershed zones?Hypoperfusion causes ischeamic
- 46Four causes for raised ICP?Edema/hydrocephalus/bleeding/SOL
- 47S&S of raised ICP?Headache papillodema vomiting
Pupil changes/hemiparesis - 48Types of intracranial herniation?Subfalcine/transtentorial/foramen magnum
- 49Effects of a transtentorial herniation?Compressed PCA/Crn 3
- 50Berry anerysm occurs which intracranial space?Sub arachnoid
- 51Secondary tumours of the brain come from where?lung/breast/skin/renal + colon
- 52Primary tumours relatively affect which demographic the most?children
Medulloblastoma
Pilocytic astrocytoma - 53Two types of hydrocephalus?Non-communicating=blockage
Communicating=thickening of arachnoid villi - 54Are neurones terminally differentiated?Yes
- 55Human brain consumes what % for each of the following: CO/02/Glucose15/20/25 percent
- 56The nernst Equation tells us what?The equilibrium potential for to be no net movement of that particular ion
- 57Goldmanns equation uses what three variable?Conc gradient
Voltage gradient
Membrane permeability - 58If the RMP becomes closer to Nernst potential what has happened to the permability?It has increased for the ion, Na+ it depolarises
- 59Where are the action potential generated?Axon hillock
- 60For saltatory conduction which is more important for the speed of the impulse myelination or diameter?Diameter
- 61Astrocytes have what functions?Metabolising neurotransmitters/bridging between blood vessels and neurones/regulating ionic conc
- 62The WBC of the brain are called?Microglia
- 63What lines the ventricles?Ependymal cells
- 64Number of cells it myelinates Schawnn and oligodendrocytes?1/10
- 65Microplagia form amyloid plaques in what disease?Alzheimers
- 66Summation allows?Single EPSP not adequate to reach threshold potential
- 67How do neurones pass info?By rate of coding, this controlled by the synapse
- 68Sensory discrimination is sharpen by?Lateral inhibition
- 69EEGS release frequencies what does delta/theta/alpha/beta indicatesleep/memory/restfullness/active concentration
- 70Dopamine depletion occurs where?striatum
- 71Levodopa is given with what other drug? Commonest side effect with levo dopa?Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
dyskinesias - 72+/- of direct dopamine agonists?bypasses nigrostriatal neurons
activation of peripheral dopamine receptors - 73What cant you consume when on a MAO-B inhibitor such as selegiline?Tyramine/tricylics anti depressants
- 74Dopamine depletion leads to what?cholinergic overactivity
give you dry mouth - 75Deep brain stimulation implant is located where?subthalamic nucleus/GP/thalamus
- 76Gene therapy use what?Neurotrophins-BDNF
- 77Huntington disease is causes by increases numbers of what codon?Glutamine
- 78CAG repeat length determines what?Onset however rate of progression does not!
- 79Potential therapies for Hungtindons?coenzyme Q10/creatine(2care crest-e)
- 80Somatosensory conveys all sensory to the CNS apart from? Methods of obtaining info?Special senses
Extero/Intero/Proprio - 81Where do sensory afferent neurones decussate? What cell type? Synapse where?In the spinal cord
Pseudouni-polar
Dorsal horn - 82Sensory ganglia are found where? In cranial nerves?Dorsal root ganglion
trigeminal ganglion - 83Peripheral neuropathy presents in what fashion?Glove and stocking
- 84The stimulus strength is indicated by what?The rate of AP
- 855 variables for sensory afferent neurones?Modality/Threshold/Adaptation
Conduction velocity/Receptive field - 86What is an adequate stimulus?Type of energy that the receptors respond to most effectively
- 87Low versus high threshold types?Low-touch/warm/cool
High-Nociceptors - 88Slowly/rapidly adapting fibres?Stretch receptors are SA
RA react to movement/acceleration - 89Are A fibres myelinated? C fibres run in what?Yes
Run in remak bundles - 90Receptive field in primary afferent neurones?site of projection of the peripheral terminal
- 91Which fibres have the slowest and quickest conduction velocity?Aa fastest
C slowest - 92Non-nociceptive cutaneous fibre class?AB
- 93Pacinian corpuscle?Fibroblasts/modified schwann cell
RA/deep - 94Meissners corpuscle? What plays the role of these in hairy skinMechanoreceptor and low frequency vibration
Only in glabrous (no hair)
RA/superficial
G cells - 95Merkel cells?Special senses/touch cells
SA/superficial - 96Ruffini?Tissue stretch sensor
Deep/slowly adapting - 97LTM stand for and what fibre type?Low threshold mechanoreceptors
c fibre - 98Two types of muscle afferents, general characteristics?1a dynamic adaptation/change in stretch
II static adaptation/tonic stretch - 99Type 1&2 tendon and joint receptorsRuffini and Pacinian corpsule
- 1004 types of processing in the ascending pathway?Convergence/divergence/lateral inhibition/centrifugal control of neuronal facilitation(accurate transmission of sense/awareness of part of body)
- 101Lateral inhibition releases what NT?GABA
- 102Define nociception?Detection of stimulus that is potentially harmful
- 103Pain is transmitted in what fibres, where to the cell bodies of these sit?C and Adelta
Dorsal root ganglion/nodose/cranial - 104Cutaneous nociceptors have? Sharp pricking pain versus slow burning pain?Free unmyelinated ending
Adelta is sharp pain
C is slow dull pain - 105TRPV-1 is found where? Describe its actionLocated in C-fibre terminals
Ion channel activated by capsaicin, cation so leads to depolarisation - 106Why does a burn continue to hurt at room temp?TRPV-1 Threshold to heat decreased by prostaglandins/bradykinin/histamine which are released during inflammation. So more are active at lower temperatures
- 107Nociceptors release what substances?Glutamate-main excitatory
CGRP/Substance P-Modulatory role slow EPSP - 108Central sensitisation Where does windup occur?WINDUP constant stimulation of C-fibres that lead to more evoked AP's in WDR neurones
Lamina V - 109Give a few differences between high and low threshold primary afferents?Nociceptives=smaller/higher threshold/large peptide content (substance P CGRP)
Slowly adapting - 110Gate control theory stimulates what fibre to counter act pain?AB
- 111Spinothalamic tract where does it decussate?Immediately
- 112Cortical areas active in pain?Primary sensory cortex/association cortex
Anterior cingulate cortex - 113Interoceptive activates what?Insular cortex, also where we imagine pain and the intensity of pain
- 114PAG/Amydala/hypothalamus role in pain?FIght/flight
fear/anger/anxiety
nausea and cvs affects - 115Descending control of nociception?via PAG
Uses neurotransmitters like serotonin/na/opioid peptides - 116Major sites of analgesic opioid actions?Presynaptic terminal depresses glutamate release
Post synaptic, inhibits spinothalamic activity K+ channel activation
PAG - 117Neuropathic pain? De afferentation pain?Stimulus origanates somewhere along pain pathways
phanton limb - 118Referred pain?Pain is perceived at a location other than the site of painful stimulus
- 119Define Hyperalagesia/allodynia?Increased pain from noxious stimulus
pain from non-noxious stimulus(sunburn) - 120LA two effect on NA Channels?Block Na channels and prolong Na channel inactivation
- 121Small or large fibres blocked more readily?Small fibres, pain is transmitted via Ad+C fibres
- 122Two drugs that exhibit LA properties at high concentrations?Propanolol/morphine
- 123Two pathways that LA use?Hydrophobic/hydrophilic
Hydrophobic diffuses from cell membrane directly into the receptor.
Hydrophilic diffuses across the membrane into the cytosol and then binds to the receptor - 124What LA is only used experimentally and give an example of LA that uses the hydrophobic pathway?QX-314 (100% ionised)
Benzocaine - 125Explain use dependance?The more the nerve fibres fire the greater the effect of the LA
- 126Metabolism mechanisms of LA/Does LA VC or VD?Ester-Plasma
Amide-Liver
potent VD - 127Clinical uses of LA (6)?Surface/infiltration/IV/Nerve block/spinal/epidural
- 128Side effects of LA?Respiratory depression/decreased heart contractility
Hypersensitivity
Toxic metabolite-prilocaine causes methaemoglobinaemia - 129Opioid vs Opiate?Opioid acts on opioid receptors
Drugs derived from juice of opiates - 130Where do C fibres terminate? What tract to nociceptors use?Dorsal horn
Spinothalamic tract - 131What inhibits pain transmission in substantia gelatinosa? Causes local release of what? System is activated by what drug?PAG
Dynorphin
Opiates - 132List the four opioid, what are three inhibited by?MOP/KOP/DOP/NOP
Naloxone - 133Problem with giving morphine orally? When do u give morphine orally?FPE poor absorption
Oromorph for cancer patients - 134Side effects of morphine?Miosis(pupil constriction)
Respiratory depression/alveolar hypoventilation
anti-tussive - 135With what and where is morphine metabolised, where is it excreted?glucoronic acid, liver.
In the kidney - 136Most potent, given to help with opioid addiction,prodrug and life saving antagonist?Fentanyl/methadone/codeine/naloxone (much shorter half-life than morphine)
- 137Two types of anaesthetics?inhalation and intravenous
FLURANE=inhalation - 138MAC stands for?Minimum alveolar concentration that produces surgical anaesthia in 50% of patients
- 139Entonox? Side effects?N20 mixed with O2 (50%)
Inactivates B12 neuropathy
Low solubility in blood so blood becomes easily saturated - 140First halogenated ethers in Uk? Potential side effects of modern fluranes?Halothane no longer in use as causes liver toxicity
Malignant hyperthermia - 141malignant Hyperthermia is caused by a problem with what receptor?Abnormal ryanodine receptor massive increase in ca2+ in SR
Give dantrolene - 142What do you give to stop malignant hyperthermia?Dantrolene
- 143What drug can you not give to people with a peanut/soya allergy?Propofol
- 144Thiopental suppresses what production? Used to treat what?Cortisol
Status epilepticus - 145What do you give to people with Status asthmaticus?ketamine
- 146Side effects of KetamineUlcerative cystitis
- 147Two types of NMJ blockers?Depolarising-Sux
Binds to receptor/4min t1/2/malignant hyperthermia/pseudochol
Non-depolarising-curium/curonium
Antagonists/40min t1/2/neostigmine/tachycardia and hypotension - 148Which cranial nerves do not synapse in the brainstem?Olfactory/Optic
- 149Edinger Westschal nuclei for which cranial nerve?Oculomotor
- 150Functions of the cranial nerves?SSA/SVA/SVE
GSA/GVA/GSE/GVE - 151Optic and VestibulocochlearOnly associated with SSA
- 152Three symptoms of damage to the CR8Ataxia,loss of balance and nystagmus
- 153The olfactory nerve is unique cause?Only nerve that is only associated with SVA
- 154GSE motor nerves?Hypoglossal/oculomotor/Trochlear/abducens/accesory
- 155Ptosis/lateral strabismus is damage to what nerve?oculomotor
- 156Hypoglossal nerve palsy deviates to side?Same side as lesion
- 1574 nerves that are involved in both sensory and motor? For trigeminal which lesion causes damage to jaw?Trigeminal/facial/Glossopharnygeal/Vagus
LML - 158Special about the forehead muscles? What causes bells palsy?Bi-lateral innervation
LML damage of facial nerve - 159What part of the cranial innervates the SCM/traps and what does the other part do?Spinal
Roots to the pharynx/larynx - 160Bilateral corticonuclear connections present in all cranial nuclei except?Lower part of the face
Hypoglossal nucleus that supplies the genioglossus muscle - 161Motor neuron location in ventral horns of ventral and dorsal?Flexors-Dorsal
Extensor-Ventral - 1623 sources of input of the motor a neuron? Difference between A & Y fibres Motor unit? Muscle length determined by what?Inter-neurones/Upper motor neurones/sensory input from muscles
A innervates skeletal muscle fibres, Y innervate intrafusal muscle fibres/adjust sensitivity of muscle spindles
Muscle fibres and respective a neurone
Muscle spindles - 163Monosynaptic reflex maintains what? Exaggerated reflex indicates? Gamma motor neurones do what to the spindles?Muscle tone
Upper motor lesion
Cause contraction when the muscle contracts - 164Golgi tendon does what? Helps protect what?Opposite monosynaptic to prevent tendon damage
- 165Flexor reflex receives stimulus from what types of fibres? Maintenance of balance is done how? If your left arm flexes your right arm will?Nociceptives (ad+C)
Crossed extensor reflex, maintained by the central pattern generator (excitatory and inhibitory interneurones)
Extend - 166Convergence is what, causes three things?Multiple nerves into one nerve
Summation/Facilitation/Occlusion - 167Basal nuclei function?Initiation and control of movements
- 168Rubrospinal synapse?Red nucleus
- 169Describe the pathway that the basal ganglia are involvedMotor cortes/PFC to Basal ganglia to ventral tegmental nuclei to SMA then down spinal tracts
- 170Striatum is,separated by what? Lentiform nucleus? Output regions of basal nuclei? What is NA involved in and what carries dopamine from substantia nigra?Putamen/caudate internal capsule
Globus pallidus/Putamen
Internal segments of GP and pars reticula of SN
Reward, Pars compacta - 171Which pathway allows movement?Direct
- 172Describe basal ganglia pathway?Removes tonic inhibition of IGP on thalamus by the striatum inhibiting it
- 173Indirect pathway?Inhibition of the thalamus above normal level, Inhibition of EGP tonic inhibition of Subthalamic nucleus that excites IGP
- 174Parkinsons disease causes and symptoms?Loss of pars compact in substantia nigra, trouble initiating movements, bradykinesia
- 175Hungtingtons disease?Loss of striatal neurones thus loss of cortical neurones
dementia/movement problems - 176Damage to subthalamic nucleus causes?Ballism
cause this excites the IGP so if you remove this you have no control of movements - 177Commonest causes of ballism?Stroke
- 178Motor areas can produce movements how?Lowest stimulus intensity
- 179Primary motor cortex neurones fire before or at the same time as movement?before
- 180Describe the location of the SMA? Pre-SMA differs from SMA proper how?Directly anterior to Primary motor cortex
Connected to PFC not strongly connected to other motor areas - 181Which pathway lateral or medial controls proximal and distal muscles?Lateral thus medial control axial muscles
- 182Lateral pathways/medial pathways?lateral corticospinal/rubrospinal
Vestibulospinal/reticulospinal/tectospinal/
corticospinal - 183Percentage of corticospinal neurones that decussate? and where? Lateral innervates what?85% medullary pyramids
Limbs - 184Corticobulbar fibres involved in cranial nerve functions, what nuclei do not receive bilateral innervation from cortex?Facial muscle below eye and hypoglossal
- 185When does rubrospinal tract decussate?What does it innervate?Immediately
Upper limb - 186Motor that innervate flexors are dorsal or anterior to those that innervate extensors?Dorsal
- 187Head orientation is received from tract? Innervation to muscles?Vestibulospinal tract
bilateral innervation - 188Where does tectospinal tract originate? Function?Superior colliculi
Control head position - 189Which tract is involved with muscle tone? Ipislateral or contralateral?Reticulospinal tract
ipislateral - 190Consequences of upper motor injury?Increased muscle tone/hyperactivity
Barbinski sign/weakness in digits - 191Barbinski sign is normal in infants because?Of lack of myelination of corticospinal tract
- 192Most prominent sign of impairment to the corticospinal tract?Weakness in digits
- 193In a LML what affect on spasicity and reflexes?Decreases muscle tone and reflexes
- 194Difference between decorticate and decerebrate postures?Decorticate-Cerebrum from brainstem
Arms abducted and flexed (on chest)
Decerebrate- Separates upper and lower brainstem
Arms extended/wrist pronated arms are by the side - 195Two things you get with LML that you don't get with UML?Fasciluations/atrophy
- 196Left and right hemisphere joined by what? Anterior and posterior lobe separated by what?Median vermis
Primary fissure - 1974 inputs into the cerebellum? Types of input fibres?3 inferior peduncle vestibular/reticular/inferior olivary nucleus
1 middle peduncle Cerebral cortex
Climbing and mossy
Climbing used for inferior olivary nucleus - 198Number of outputs of cerebellum to the spinal cord? Flocculo-nodular lobe?0
Loss of balance and co-ordination - 199Hereditary disease associated with the cerebellum?Fredreich's ataxia
- 200Clinical signs of cerebellar damage?D-Dyskine
A-ataxia
N-nystagmus
I-intention tremor
S-Slurred speech
H-Hypotonia
P-Past pointing
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- Beschreibung
- 2 Medicine Karteikarten am Neuro system, erstellt von James Murdoch am 07/02/2016.
- Erstellt von
- James Murdoch
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