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Attachment revision AS

Sophie Rew Englisch 71 Karten

Describe Classical Conditioning

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  1. 1What is attachmentA strong emotional bond, in this case between the infant and its care giver
  2. 2Name the 5 features of caregiver interactions1. Interactional synchrony
    2. Reciprocity
    3. Motherese
    4. Sensitive responsiveness
    5.Imitation
  3. 3Describe Interactional SynchronyThe way an infant makes the same facial expressions and gestures whilst the caregiver is making them also
  4. 4Describe ReciprocityTurn taking... where the caregiver and the infant have a conversation, the caregiver and infant take it into turns to make sounds and movements just like a conversation
  5. 5Describe MothereseThis is not yet been proven however psychologists believe that they way a mother makes the high pitched noises towards her baby strengthens her attachment with the child
  6. 6Describe Sensitive responsivenessHow well a caregiver reacts and deals with the infants needs and emotions
  7. 7Describe ImitationHow an infant imitates the way the caregiver does things. Meltzoff and more found that infants of 2 and 3 weeks of age tended to mimic the experimenter
  8. 8Who identified the four stages of attachmentSchaffer
  9. 9What are the four stages of attachmentpre-attachment- infant is differentiating people from objects 0-3 months
    Indiscriminate attachment phase - 6 weeks and 7 months. Infant begins to clearly identify with the people it knows, smiling and making more effort with those its closest to.
    Discriminate attachment phase - 7 to 11 months infant is able to form strong attachment with individuals. This is shown by content when the person is around however distressed when the person leaves as is hard to calm.
    Multiple attachment phase - 9 months on wards the infant can form attachments with multiple people.
  10. 10Is there any evidence for the attachment stages? If so what is itSchaffer and Emmerson
    60 babies in Glasgow were observed in their homes every four weeks from brith to 18 months. Interviews were also conducted with their families.
    Schaffer stages of attachment were found to occur. By 8 months old about 50 of the infants had made at least 5 or more attachments
  11. 11Evaluate Schaffer and Emersons expA lot of evidence to support S and E, and their stages of attachments however there is also many criticisms such as the fact that S and E used a limited sample within Glasgow and therefore it cannot be generalised.
    The interviews were also done by the psychologists themselves and therefore is biased.
  12. 12Who found cross-cultural differences to do with the attachment stagesTronick et al. found that infants in Zaire had strong attachments with their mothers by 6 months however did not have strong attachments with others even though they had multiple caregivers
  13. 13What did S and E find in relation to their primary cg?That the mother was only 50% of infants primary cg, 1/3 was the father and the rest was the grandparents
  14. 14Name three psychologists who looked into the role of the father1.Goodsell and Meldrum
    2. Ross et al
    3. Geiger
  15. 15What did G and M say about the role of the fatherConducted a large study into the relationships between infants and their fathers. They found that those which has secure attachments with their mother were also more likely to have a good relationship with their father
  16. 16What did Ross et al say?The number of nappies a father changed was positively correlated with the strength of attachment between the father and the infant.
  17. 17GeigerThe role of the father and the mother within the infants life are different. The mother is naturally associated with nurture and care whereas the father is associated more with play.
  18. 18Who carried out exp into imprintingLorenz
  19. 19What did Lorenz do?Lorenz found that geese automatically imprinted to the first thing they saw when hatching.
    To prove this lorenz separated the eggs of a female goose and left half the eggs with her and the other half he put into an incubator to hatch.
    Once the eggs hatched he was the first person the eggs without the mother saw.
    He then put all the geese out with the mother and himself to see if the geese that had been separated would go back to their mother. However when Lorenz walked away they followed him. Therefore the geese had imprinted on lorenz. Lorenz then concluded that there was about 13-16 hours where the geese could imprint and if they were not to imprint then they would never be able to properly imprint. Lorenz called this the 'critical period'.
    Therefore it is said that because humans take a lot longer to develop attachments it isn't very easy to relate to. Quality care is said to be more important in humans. However Bowlbys theory is based on the same principles as Lorenzs study
  20. 20What did Harlow study show?That comfort is important in attachment
  21. 21Outline Harrows research into the need for contact comfortHarlow aimed to find out whether baby monkeys prefer a food source or comfort and security as an attachment figure. There was two 'surrogate' mothers. One made of wired mesh wth a feeding bottle. The other made of cloth but with no feeding bottle. This was a lab exp
  22. 22RESULTS OF HARLOWS EXPThe baby monkey spent most of the time with the cloth 'surrogate' and only the wire 'surrogate' to feed, the monkey clung onto the cloth 'surrogate' in new unsure situations. Once the money had grown up it showed signs of social and emotional disturbance.
  23. 23What other variations of the study wereHarlow and Zimmerman did research into how the monkey would react if they added a fear stimulus. When the fear stimulus was put inside the cage with the monkey the baby would automatically run towards the cloth 'surrogate' to feel safe before exploring. When Harlow put the monkey in the cage with the wire 'surrogate' and the fearful stimulus the monkey would freeze or run wildly around the cage.
  24. 24What can Harlow conclude from his studiesThat a strong attachment with a caregiver is very important in the development of a child.
  25. 25What other variation did Harlow test and what could he concludeHe also put the baby monkey in the cage with a cloth surrogate with food and another without. The monkey went directly to the surrogate with the food.
    He concluded that although comfort and security is the most important food still has a role to play.
  26. 26What is the problem with using animals to test attachment and use examplesAlthough certain features of animals are the same as humans, humans are still rather more developed within their attachments and social abilities, therefore it is not possible to completely generalise findings found whilst testing on animals.
    For example Lorenz use precocial species - these species are those which have their eyes open and can walk from birth. Therefore humans are different as we take much more time to develop.
  27. 27What are the ethical advantages and disadvantages of using animalsadv- Some experiments are more ethical to take out on animals than humans as it would not be possible to test them on humans e.g Harlows monkeys
    disadv- Animals deserve as many rights as humans and therefore using animals to avoid using humans for the sake of our own research when the animal has no power to go against the exp is wrong.
  28. 28What is the learning theoryAKA the behaviourist theory, focuses on babies wanting their needs to be fulfilled.
  29. 29What is conditioningIs the explanation given for how attachments form
  30. 30What are the types of conditioningClassical and Operant
  31. 31Describe Classical ConditioningIs the way which an organism learns by establishing between different events and stimuli
    Only applies to reflexive responses    Describe Classical Conditioning
  32. 32Describe Operant ConditioningOperant conditioning is relevant due to it is how we learn from consequences of actions.
    There are two types of OC:
    Positive reinforcement - something 'desirable' is obtained in response to an action e.g given a sticker
    Negative reinforcement - something 'undesirable' is removed due to an action e.g no homework due to being well behaved. Produces 'attachment behaviour' - discomfort and upset when the mother leaves.
  33. 33The strengths and weaknesses of the learning theoryS: *lots of research to support it including Dollard and miller which found that within operant conditioning when the baby was hungry and the mother fed the baby, the babys discomfort was removed, which is negative reinforcement. The baby therefore will associate her with reducing discomfort and become close to her.
    W: *majority of research was done on animals and therefore cannot be generalised. *Reductionist - tried to explain complex attachment through stimulus-response processes. * Schaffer and Emerson found that only half of the infants did not have their mother as their primary attachment figure. * There are also other theories which also have support for attachment such as Bowlbys theory.
  34. 34Explain bowlbys monotropic theory of attachment and evolutionary theoryAttachment can be explained by evolution as we evolved a biological need to attach to our main caregiver. The need was developed through natural selection to ensure the survival of a child through to maturity. We all make one main attachment, this is Bs idea of monotropy - we only form one main attachment, which provides a 'safe base'.
  35. 35What is the internal working modelBowl by presented the theory that an infant attachment gives a template for all future relationships. We learn to trust and care and therefore aids us to do this with other people once we have matured.
    It is called the internal WORKING model, because it always developing and changing.
  36. 36What is the continuity hypothesisThe primary caregiver provides the foundation for the childs future relationships
  37. 37What is the critical period for attachment according to bowlbys theoryBowlby said that the first 3 years of an infants life are the critical period for a primary attachment to develop.
    If an attachment is not formed within these 3 years due to separation pr deprivation the childs attachments may be seriously damaged and cause social and emotional development difficulties.
    Therefore Bowlbys 'Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis' assumes that if not primary attachment is formed within the critical period there will be LT consequences.
  38. 38EVALUATE BOWLBYS THEORY (FOR)*Harlows study supports the idea that we have evolved a need to attach. It also supports the idea that if no attachment has been made within the critical period there is long term effects of social and emotional disturbance.
  39. 39EVALUATE BOWLBYS THEORY (AGAINST)* Schaffer and Emerson goes against the monotropy theory as they found that by the age of 8 months the majority of infants had several attachments
    *Harlows monkeys also goes against the idea on Mono because the monkeys which did not have a cg but had other monkeys of its own age as company did not suffer from LT effects.
    * Bowlbys report caused the 'stay home' mothering which meant more mothers were taking time off work to spend time with their babies and therefore this had a negative impact on the economy.
  40. 40What are the two types of attachmentsSecure and insecure
  41. 41Describe secure attachmentThere is a strong bond between the cg and the infant. When the cg leaves the child becomes distressed. However when reunited the infant is calmed quickly and happy to see the mother. The majority of attachments are secure. Associated with healthy behavioural and cognitive development
  42. 42Describe insecure attachmentThere are two types of insecure attachments: here the bond between the cg and I are weaker
    1. Insecure - avoidant = If they are separated the infant shows little bother, infant can usually be comforted by a stranger and when the cg returns the child shows no emotion.
    2. Insecure - resistant = child can be rather clingy and when cg leaves the child becomes distraught and cannot be consoled, however when the cg returns they accept and reject the attention at the same time
  43. 43Who investigated how a strange situation would show the infants attachment to its cgAinsworth et al
  44. 44What was the Method to Ainsworths study*Controlled observation. 12-18 moth old infants were left in a room with their mother. Eight different scenarios occurred, including being approached by a stranger, being left by the mother and reunited with the mother. The infants reactions were constantly observed.
  45. 45Results to Ainsworths studyAbout 15% were insecure resistant
    Another 15% were insecure avoidant and the other 75% were securely attached
  46. 46What can Ainsworth conclude from her findings?Infants showing different reactions to their cg represents the different types of attachment
  47. 47Who carried out the cross-cultural study for types of attachmentVan IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg
  48. 48How did they go about carrying out this expMeta-analysis on 32 studies of the 'strange situation' in different countries (Japan, Sweden,Britain) they were analysed to find any overall patterns.
  49. 49Results for the cross cultural study% for secure and insecure were similar across the countries tested. However the results varied more within the countries than between them.
    Secure was most common in the countries. Western cultures dominant type was insecure avoidant, highest proportion was in Germany.
    Non-western cultures the dominant was insecure - resistant, Japan had the highest number of insecure- resistant children.
  50. 50What are the important findings from the strange situation*CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ARE FOUND Grossman et al - claimed that more 'avoidant' infants may be found in Germany because of the value that Germany put on independence.
    * THE CAUSES OF DIFFERENT ATTACHMENT TYPES ARE DEBATABLE. The causes of the attachment ma be more due to the sensitivity of their carers or their inborn temperament
    *THE STRANGE SITUATION DOESNT LOOK AT THE CHILDS CHARACTERISTICS. Therefore this may mean that its attachments to other people may be different.
    * ATTACHMENT TYPE MAY AFFECT LTER ADULT BEHAVIOUR
  51. 51What is the difference between separation and deprivationS = when the infant is away from the cg for a certain period of time. When it is separation it is not permanent therefore hours or days.
    D= when the infant is away from the cg for a long time usually permanent so therefore if a child has been put into care this is deprivation
  52. 52What is bowlbys maternal deprivation theorybowl by claimed that long-term deprivation from an attachment figure could be harmful.
    1. Deprivation from the cg during the critical period may cause problems emotional,social, physical and intellectual development of the child
    2. LT effects of deprivation may cause separation anxiety. This may lead to problem behaviour e.g clingy, avoiding social events.
  53. 53What research is there to support Bowlbys MDTBowlbys exp on the 44 juvenile thieves
  54. 54Method of the 44 jtCase studies were completed on the backgrounds of 44 adolescents who had been referred to the clinic where bowl by worked as they had been stealing. There was a control group of 44 emotionally disturbed adolescents who did not steal
  55. 55Results for the 44 Jt17 of the thieves had frequent separations with their cg before the age of two, compared to 2 within the control group.
    14 thieves were diagnosed as 'affection less psychopaths'. 12 of the 14 had experienced separation from their mothers.
  56. 56Real life evidence for the Maternal deprivation theoryRobertson and Robertson - separation study.
    observation took place on several children who experienced ST separations with their mother. one of these was a baby boy called John who had been separated from his mother for 9 days whilst she was having another baby.
    At first baby john was upset and tried to get the attention of the workers within the nursery however they were all very busy and therefore could not give him a lot of attention. After a few days John gave up trying and started to show signs of detachment - he was more content within the nursery as he had previously been however when the mother came to pick baby john up he was reluctant to be affectionate.
  57. 57Strengths and weaknesses of MDTS: Severa studies supports Bowlbys theory including Robertson and Robertson baby john
    W: Bowlbys exp to prove the MDT was valid did not take in to consideration any other external factors such as poverty.
    In R and R study baby John may have been more likely to be harmed by social deprivation than maternal deprivation
  58. 58Bowlby claimed that MDT could not be reversed. Give one example of a situation where MDT was reversedCzech Twins - mistreated and kept in a cellar for 7 years with no toys and were cruelly beaten. They were soon adopted when found and made large progress and by the age of 14 were as intellectually and socially capable as other children.
  59. 59What is the difference between privation and deprivationRutter claimed that bowlbys MDT got confused between deprivation and privation.
    DEP: attachment was formed once and then broken
    PRIV: when an attachment was never formed between a cg.
  60. 60Exp for privationCase study of Genie. Her father kept her strapped in a highchair with a potty in the seat for most of her childhood, if she made any noise she was beaten cruelly. She never had the chance to play with toys or with other children.
    When she was found at the age of 13, she was not able to speak and therefore made animal like sounds, she was physically undeveloped and never emotionally, socially, intellectually,physically developed fully. Therefore Rutter claims the privation is much more sever the MD.
  61. 61The romanian orphan studyAlso to do with privation.
    *165 romanian orphans were adopted by British families were compared to 52 uk adoptees and followed for a prolonged period. Some were younger than 6 months and others were older than 6 months old. Each child was assessed at 4,6 and 11.
    *Children younger than 6 months had the same level of emotional development as other Uk children that were adopted at the same age. However RO that were adopted later than 6 months showed signs of emotional and social disturbance. Uk children adopted after 6 months ddd not express the same problems.
    * The effects can be reversed if an attachment starts before the age of 6 months. LT effects can be permanent if attachment does not occur before 6 months old. However MD can not on its own cause permanent damage as seen with the UK adoptees. Therefore this can show how RO had a lack of emotional and social stimulation within the Orphanage
  62. 62Who studied early institutionalised careHodges and Tizard
  63. 63What did hODGES AND tIZARD DO?This was a longitudinal study of 65 children who had been placed in a residential nursery before they were 4 months old. They hadn't had the chance to make any close bonds within the nursery. By the age of 4 some had been adopted, some had stayed in the nursery and others were taken back by their mothers.
    * At 16 yrs old the adopted group had strong relationships, although from a control group of 16 yr olds with a 'normal' home environment their relationships were weaker with their peers. Those who stayed in the nursery or returned with their mothers showed poorer relationships with their peers.
  64. 64What are the 5 LT effects of I that have been suggested by studies done by B, R, HT1. Affectionless psychopath
    2. deprivation dwarfism
    3. delinquency
    4. reduced intelligence
    2. anaclitic depression
  65. 65What does B internal working model tell us about future relationshipsThe majority of childhood attachments then go on to affect later relationships.
  66. 66Who carried out an exp to see the effects go early attachments on later relationshipsHAZAN AND SHAVER
  67. 67What did Hazan and Shaver do?Conducted a 'love quiz' in the local news paper. the quiz had two parts. 1st half assessed the past relationships people had with their cg and the 2nd tested their beliefs on present relationships and their idea of love.
    620 were analysed. They found a correlation between the early attachment types and the later views on romantic love.
    205 from men 415 from women.
    56% WERE SECURE, 25% WERE AVOIDANT AND 19% WERE RESISTANT
  68. 68What was the Adult attachment interviewMAIN ET AL. carried out an exp to once again prove B Internal working model was accurate.
    The conducted a series of interviews about childhood and later relationships. The interviewee was asked to give five adjectives explaining each of their relationships with their parents. They're then asked to explain why they chose these 5 adj. They were then asked various other questions such as when they go upset, if they ever felt rejected, and how they believe their early attachments have affected their later relationships. The p were then put into categories of secure,preoccupied,dismissive and unresolved.
  69. 69What is the cycle of privationQuinton et al. compared 50 woman who had experiences institutional care with 50 women who hadn't. They found that the women who had been raised in I were more likely to have parenting difficulties later on. Therefore suggesting the cycle of privation as seen as they become less caring parents which causes privation with children and the cycle continues
  70. 70What behaviours are influenced by the internal working model?Childhood friendships - For example the Czech twins had each other and therefore this may explain why they managed to adapt much easier when found
    Poor parenting - as seen with harlows monkeys that when the monkeys where left with no parent they went on to have social and emotional disturbances later on
    Romantic relationships - Hazan and Shaver showed how relationships later on are affected by previous attachments
    Mental health - a lack of strong attachments can cause mental health issues as seen with the 44 juvenile thieves which were classified as 'emotional psychopaths' and 12 of the 14 had been deprived from their mother before the age of 2.
  71. 71Evaluation points for the early attachments affects on later relationshipsRetrospective classification - for example for Hazan and Shavers exp when can say that p concluded their own ideas from their past and therefore cannot be accurate as seen as we know that memories are not always exact. There also may have been some demand characteristics and therefore we cannot be sure what was written down was a true judgement
    Overly determinist - we cannot say that all early attachments affect the later on relationships there are several studies which show how bad attachments whilst being younger still led to secure relationships in the future.

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Karteikarten am Attachment revision AS , erstellt von Sophie Rew am 15/05/2016.
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