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BEM 314 Chapter 7
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- 1What do I measure?The research statement or question, which provides the conceptual framework, is used to decide what concepts need to be measured.
- 2"Measurement"The process of describing some property of a phenomenon of interest - by assigning numbers in a reliable and valid way.
Eg. Student assessments - 3"Quantitative Research"- Research conducted by generating numerical data, or data that can readily be coded numerically.
- Numerical data - 4"A Concept"- Can be thought of as a generalized idea that represents something of meaning.
- A generalized idea about a class of objects that has been given a name.
- An abstraction of reality that is the basic unit for theory development.
- Every discipline and theory is made up of concepts
Example: Key ideas, keywords, key phrases - 5"Concrete Concept"Few problems in definition or measurement
Examples: age, sex, education - 6"Abstract Concepts"Difficult to define and measure
Examples: Loyalty, personality, trust - 7"Operationalization"The process of identifying scales that correspond to variance in a concept that will be involved in a research process.
- 8"Scales"- A device providing a range of values that correspond to different values in a concept being measured.
- Provide correspondence rules
- Capture variance in concepts - 9"Correspondence Rules"Indicate the way in which a certain value on a scale corresponds to some true value of a concept
- 10"Variables"Capture different concept values
- 11"Hypothesis Testing"- When the research idea can be stated in researchable terms, we reach the hypothesis stage.
- Next, test the hypothesis against 'emperical evidence'
- The results either support or do not support a hypothesis - 12"Emperical Evidence"Facts from observation or experimentation.
- 13"Construct"Concepts that are measured with multiple variables
- 14Why use constructs?- Sometimes a single variable cannot capture a concept alone.
- Using multiple variables to measure one concept provide a more complete account of some concept. - 154 Levels of scale measurement?1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio - 161. Nominal Scale- Values are assigned to an object
- For identification or classification purposes only
- Numbers assigned are just a label and are equal
- The numbering system simply identifies things, by categorizing or labeling them.
- Eg. Gender, yes/no answers - 172. Ordinal Scale- "Ranking scale"
- Allows things to be arranged in order based on how much of some concept they possess.
- But dont know by how much/ cant measure - 183. Interval Scale- Have both nominal and ordinal properties.
- They capture information about differences in quantities of a concept - 194. Ratio Scale- All properties of interval scales
- Represents absolute quantities
- Characterized by a meaningful absolute zero - 20"Discrete Measures"- Measures that take on only one of a finite number of values
- Nominal and ordinal scales
- Eg. "agree, neutral, disagree" - 21"Continuous Measures"- Measures that reflect the intensity of a concept by assigning values that can take on any value along some scale range.
- Eg. Height - 1.78m
- Ratio scales - 22Computing Scale Values:1. Summated scale
2. Reverse Coding - 23"Summated scale"Created by simply summing the response to each item making up the composite measure.
- 'Average composite scale score': sum/no. of items - 24"Reverse coding"A method of making sure all the items forming a composite scale are scored in the same direction.
- 25The 3 criteria for good measurement:1. Reliability
2. Validity
3. Sensitivity - 26"Reliability"The degree to which measures are free from random error and therefore yield consistent results.
Reliable when - Different attempts at measuring something converge on the same result. - 27Methods to measure reliability:1. Split-half method
2. Test-retest method - 28Split-half Method:- Method for assessing internal consistency
- Checking the results of one half set of scaled items against the results of the other half.
- Coefficient alpha:
*Most commonly applied estimate of a multiple-item scale's reliability.
*Represents the average of all possible split-half reliabilities for a construct.
*Demonstrates whether or not the different items converge - 29Test-retest method:• Used to estimate reliability.
• A questionnaire is used in a pilot test;
• Then later, the same test is repeated and compared for consistency;
• Administering the same scale or measure to the same respondents at two separate points in time to test for stability - 302. VALIDITY:- The accuracy of a measure or the extent to which a score truthfully represents a concepts.
- Consistent and accurate - 314 Approaches to establishing validity:1. Face validity
2. Content validity
3. Criterion validity
4. Construct validity - 321. Face Validity• A scale’s content logically appears to reflect what was intended to be measured.
- 332. Content Validity• The degree to which a measure covers the breadth of the domain of interest.
- 343. Criterion Validity• The ability of a measure to correlate with other standard measures of similar constructs or established criteria.
- “Concurrent validity”: If the new measure is taken at the same time as the criterion measure and is shown to be valid.
- “Predictive validity”: Established when a new measure predicts a future event. - 354. Construct Validity• Exists when a measure reliably measures and truthfully represents a unique concept.
• Consists of several components including:
- Face validity
- Content validity
- Criterion validity
- Convergent validity
- Discriminant validity
o “Convergent validity”: Concepts that should be related to one another are indeed related
o “Discriminant validity”: Represents the uniqueness or distinctiveness of a measure; - 363. SENSITIVITY:A measurement instrument’s ability to accurately measure variability in stimuli or responses.
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