Karteikarten
Foundations 23,24,32 Study Guide
Karten in diesem Stapel (139)
- 1cephalocaudaldefined as growth and development that proceeds from the head toward the feet.
- 2the infants head is huge in comparison with the rest of its body..over timegradually the body catches up
- 3what is proximodistal?refers to growth and development that originates in the center of the body and moves towards the outside.
- 4what is an example of proximodistal growth?the infant gains control of the shoulders before developing control of their hands and fingers.
- 5what is a nuclear family? aka the Cosby'sconsists of married man and woman & their biological children.
- 6extended family aka family mattersconsists of the nuclear family (mom, dad, biological children).
also has additional family such as aunts, uncles, grandparents, grandchildren, etc, who live in the household. - 7single-parent family aka rebathe head of the household may be male or female who plays role of mom and dad, usually occurs by divorce, death, separation, abandonment, or sometimes by choice.
- 8blended (reconstituted) family aka the Brady buncharises when adults remarry and bring together children from previous marriages.
- 9social contract family style is aka cohabitationit's when an unmarried couple lives together and shares roles and responsibilities
- 10homosexual family aka modern familysame sex couple
- 11the adoptive familya fam unit with adopted children
- 12grandfamiliesrefers to families with children under the age of 18 who live with or are in the custody of the grandparents.
- 13just as a side question, why is there a growing number of grandfamilies in recent years?may include substance abuse, mental illness, military deployment, incarceration, and parental death
- 14foster familyresponsible for care, supervision, and nurturing of children in their care (usually court appointed when the biological parents are unable to care for the child or they don't have a safe environment for the child)
- 15what is an autocratic family pattern?the parents are usually strict and rigid, the parents attempt to control the children with strict rigid rules and expectations. least open to outside influence.
- 16patriarchal family patternwhere the adult in charge is usually male. they usually function in the work role, they're responsible for finances, and make the most decisions
- 17matriarchal family pattern aka matrifocal familymatriarchal is similar to patriarchal except the female usually takes on the role of breadwinner, is usually in charge of finances, and makes decisions.
also, sometimes the older females of the family will take on role of childcare in order for the younger matriarch to provide for the family - 18democratic family patternthe adults function as equals and the children are treated as unique individuals. this lifestyle encourages negotiation, compromise, and growth.
- 19what is the engagement or commitment stage?begins at the consideration of marriage. families oppose or support the decision, wedding plans arranged, couples explore living arrangements and finances, etc.
- 20what is the establishment stage?extends from the wedding up until the birth of the first child. adjustment from single life to married, interdependent life.
- 21what is the expectant stage?begins with the conception of a baby and continues throughout the pregnancy. discussion such as childbirth methods, continuation/modification of employment, childcare and feeding methods.
- 22what is surrogacy?when there is the agreement that a woman carries a baby for someone else. artificial insemination is usually the go to method. women can do it voluntarily or for a fee. when the baby is born they usually relinquish their parental rights (give up the baby). there are currently no national laws pertaining to this, state laws vary.
- 23parenthood stagebegins @birth of the baby or adoption of 1st child. less free time, less sleep, less sex, less time together, less intimacy, ugh. lol
- 24disengagement stagethe grown children depart from home. departure does not end the role of parenting. many grown children end up back at home because they're broke.
- 25senescence stagelast stage of life cycle. most older adults love to be independent, have reg contact with family. they want to have close family relationships, but they don't want to be responsible for those individuals like they used to be.
- 26stress at very early ages may results whenthe infants needs aren't met
- 27toddlers often perceive stress when...they are seperated from their mothers
- 28school-age children sometimes feel stress from..pressures in school or from parental expectations.
- 29common signs of stress in children may bemood swings,
acting-out behavior,
change in eating or sleeping patterns,
frequent illness (stomachache, headaches etc), excessive clinging to parents, thumb sucking, bedwetting, return to behavior typical of an earlier stage of development - 30infancybirth to 1
- 31toddler1-3
- 32preschool4 to 6
- 33school age7 to 11
- 34adolescence12-19
- 35young adulthood20-44
- 36middle adulthood45-65
- 37late adulthood65+
- 38these next slides are development tasks onErikson's stages of psychosocial development
- 39infancybasic trust vs mistrust
- 40toddlerautonomy vs shame & doubt
- 41preschoolinitiative vs guilt
- 42school ageindustry vs inferiority
- 43adolescenceidentity vs role confusion
- 44young adulthoodintimacy vs isolation
- 45middle adulthoodgenerativity vs stagnation
- 46late adulthoodego integrity vs despair
- 47infancy (birth-1) is expected to develop trust vs mistrust according to Erikson's. what's the outcome?infants learn to either trust or not trust that Sig others will properly care for their basic needs, including nourishment, sucking, warmth, cleanliness, and physical contact.
- 48toddler (1-3) development task is autonomy vs shame and doubt. what is the outcome?children learn to be either self-sufficient in many activities (toileting, feeding, walking & talking) or they doubt their own abilities.
- 49preschool (4-6) developmental task is initiative vs guilt what is the outcome according to Erikson's?children want to undertake many adult-like activities, sometimes going beyond the limits set by parents and feeling guilty because of it.
- 50school age (7-11) development task is industry vs inferiority. outcome according to Erikson's?children eagerly learn to be competent and productive or feel inferior and unable to do any task well.
- 51adolescence (12-19) identity role vs confusion. Erikson's outcome?adolescents try to figure out, "who am I?" they establish sexual, ethnic, and career identities or are confused about what future roles to play
- 52young adulthood (20-44). intimacy vs isolation. Erikson's?young adults seek companionship and love with another person or become isolated from others.
- 53middle adulthood (45-65). generativity vs stagnation. Erikson's?middle aged adults are productive, performing meaningful work and raising a family, or become stagnant and inactive
- 54late adulthood (65+). ego integrity vs despair. Erikson's?older adults try to make sense out of their lives, either seeing life as meaningful and whole or despairing at goals never reached and questions never answered.
- 55omg, Erikson's is so longand depressing.
- 56when it comes to physical characteristics of an infant (1-12 months), what sequence does growth proceed in?cephalocaudal and proximodistal
- 57how much are infants expected to gain per month until 5 months?1.5 pounds
- 58when does an infants weight usually double?by 4-6 months
- 59by the time a baby is 1 years old, what has happened to their birth weight?it has tripled.
- 60what is the average weight a baby usually weighs by 1 year of age?21.5 pounds
- 61in the first few months of life what is most of the weight in the form of?fat.
- 62most of the weight gain in the first few months of life is fat, how does this help the infant?it provides insulation and a source of nourishment to draw on if teething or other problems decrease food intake for a few days
- 63after 8 months weight gain is usually morebone and muscle
- 64how much does height increase every month for the first 6 months?1 inch
- 65by the time an infant reaches 12 months of age how much has the length increased by? (percentage)50%
- 66what is the typical length of a 12 month old?30 inches
75 centimeters - 67in the sensorimotor stage, what happens?an infants knowledge comes about primarily through sensory impressions and motor activities. behavior is reflective.
- 68what is a schema?an innate knowledge structure that allows a child to mentally organize ways to behave in the immediate environment.
- 69according to cognitive and intellectual development studies as the infant interacts with the environment what happens to their perception of the world around them during 1-4 months?the infant follows objects visually with the eyes and auditorily with the ears.
- 70what happens by 4 months?infants become notably better at using both eyes together, which makes them more astute observers.
- 71what does astute mean?it basically means better at problem solving.
- 72at 4-8 months?the infant begins to recognize and imitate, reaching and grasping are also improved.
- 73by age 3 months how do most infants respond to people?they typically respond differently to their parents or primary caregiver than they do other people.
- 74and along with that at 4 months they can do what as far as recognition?they can typically identify the voices of the most familiar people in their lives, smiling occurs in response to different people and events. at the sight of their parents they may even smile and begin to vocalize
- 75when infants are around 8 months of age, what may cause them to have anxiety?when they are seperated from their primary caregiver. they also develop shyness and a fear of strangers.the infant may cling in protest when being handed to a stranger.
- 76by 9 months how do children typically react to strangers?show alarm
- 77next are the biologic theories of aging, who was one of the first philosophers to generate one of the first theories of aging, and what was his theory?Hippocrates speculated that aging was in irreversible natural event caused by a decrease in body heat.
- 78later a person called Galen supported Hippocrates theory and added that..aging was a lifelong process rather than an event that occurred at the end of the life span.
- 79Leonardo da Vinci was one of the first to try to identify physical changes associated with aging, how did he do this?he performed autopsies on old men and young children.
- 80what are free radicals?compounds with an extra electron or protein
- 81what is the autoimmunity theory?basically the body begins to attack itself because it no longer recognizes or tolerates itself over time. the immune system produces antibodies that act against the self.
- 82the primary organs of the immune system are believed to be affected by the aging process. what are those 2 primary organs and how do they change?thymus and bone marrow
the thymus decreases in size and weight & becomes less able to produce t cells.
the bone marrow stem cells also show reduced efficiency in performing certain functions. - 83what happens as the immune system function decreases (according to the autoimmunity theory)?the risk of development of infection and cancer increases.
- 84what is the free radical theory?basically the presence of free radicals possibly accelerates aging and results in the death of an organism as part of aging
- 85wear and tear theoryaccording to this theory age isn't based on chronical age, but the wear and tear experienced.
- 86biologic programming theorybasically seems to be that biologically you follow within a similar life expectancy and pattern as your family.
- 87next are some psychological theories of aging, what is disengagement theory?states a natural withdrawal from society is better for the individual. it is usually either initiated by the individual or "by others in society"
- 88psychological theory of aging: activity theorythe older person is more active socially is more likely to adjust well to aging. older adults with more social involvement have higher morale & better life satisfaction & personal adjustment.
- 89psychological theories continuity theoriesthis theory suggests that individuals continue their lives the way they always have. if they're very involved, they tend to stay that way, and if they aren't as involved they continue to not be. supporters of this theory contend that adjustment to the aging process is eased by maintaining roles developed earlier in life.
- 90what is kyphosis?an exaggeration of the thoracic curvature, may increase with aging
- 91common age related changes in the musculoskeletal system are nextit's the chart on PG. 729
- 92normal changes in the musculoskeletal system in association with mineral salts in the bonesthe salts move from bone to blood, making more bones porous (like rock, makes it hard for stuff to pass through)
- 93what happens to tendons and ligaments thanks to the aging process?they are less elastic
- 94what happens to joints thanks to aging?increase in joint stiffness with less range of motion.
- 95varying degrees of increase of flexion in places such aswrists, hips, producing less joint mobility, agility, & endurance
- 96what happens to vertebral disks?they begin thinning
- 97what are some suggested nursing interventions to help with age related changes in the musculoskeletal system?maintain mobility
encourage exercise (with physicians guidance)
encourage passive and active exercises, avoid fatigue, use assistive aids when indicated. - 98what are some common age related changes that take place in the nervous system?fewer, smaller neurons (nerve cells), slowed reaction time, decrease in tactile sensitivity, decrease in pain perception, altered motor coordiation
- 99some suggested nursing interventions for common age related changes in the nervous system?allow adequate time to complete activities.
be alert to danger of & prevent burning and chilling related to diminished sensitivity.
encourage position changes; inspect skin daily - 100common age related changes in the special senses (taste and smell)decline in taste and smell perception
- 101some suggested nursing interventions pertaining to common age related changes when it comes to the special senses (taste and smell)use smoke detectors, serve attractive & colorful food so that it looks more appealing.
- 102common age related changes in vision may includedecreased tear production, increase in lens density, presbyopia (farsightedness; loss of elastic lens); yellowing of lens; slowing of accommodation (reaction to changes in light and distance); narrowing of vision field; decrease is depth perception
- 103suggested nursing interventions for common age related changes in visionencourage annual eye exams, use more diffuse lighting. use bright colors (red, yellow). place articles within visual field. use nightlights.
- 104common age related changes in hearingpresbycusis (increased difficulty hearing high pitched sounds); increase in degenerative changes within ear structure; increase in buildup of wax production
- 105suggested nursing interventions related to hearing lossspeak slowly, clearly. face the individual. do not shout, speak in lower tones. control background noise. encourage use of aids is available.
- 106common age related changes (ribcage)increase in calcification of the thorax; respiratory muscles weaken, producing diminished respiratory efficiency; maximum breathing capacity reduced; more susceptible to respiratory infection; easily fatigued.
- 107suggested nursing interventions for common age related changes (ribcage)allow for rest periods. encourage coughing and deep breathing.
- 108common age related changes in the lungsalveoli (air sacs) thinner, smaller with decreased alveolar surface for gaseous exchange; decreased cough reflex action; decreased ciliary action, reduced maximum breathing capacity
- 109nursing interventions related to common age related changes in the lungsmaintain adequate exercise and nutrition. encourage regular physical exams. avoid overexertion & allow rest between activities. discourage smoking. obtain streptococcal pneumonia vaccine.
- 110chapter 24loss, grief, dying & death
- 111what is loss?when any aspect of self is no longer available to a person
- 112what is death?cessation (end) of life
- 113what is grief?a pattern of physical and emotional responses to bereavement, separation or loss
- 114what is grief work?the process of adapting to and mourning a loss
- 115what is mortality?the condition of being subject to death
- 116what is grief therapy?mental health treatment aimed at helping a pt deal with the pain of loss; a program that assists the bereaved to cope with a loss
- 117some losses are actual and some are perceived, what is actual loss?something has actually been lost such as a pt who has a mastectomy
- 118what is perceived loss?the loss of confidence or when a woman who hopes to give birth to a female child and delivers a male child instead
- 119define maturational lossa loss that results from normal life transitions (loss of childhood dreams, when an adolescent has a romantic failure, loss felt when leaving home for college)
- 120situational loss isdefined as a loss that occurs suddenly in response to a specific external event (such as the sudden death of a loved one)
- 121what is personal loss?any significant loss that necessitates adaptation through the grieving process
- 122what is bereavement?defined as a common depressed reaction to the death of a loved one
- 123what is mourning?reaction activated by a person to assist in overcoming a great personal loss; refers to culturally defined patterns for the expression of grief
- 124what is morbidity?an illness or an abnormal confusion
- 125definition of anticipatory griefto expect, await, or prepare for the loss of a family member or significant other.
- 126what is bereavement overload?before an initial loss is resolved and mourned, an additional loss occurs
- 127what is thanatologythe study of dying and death
- 128what is the kübler-ross stages of dying?a behavior oriented theory that includes 5 stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression & acceptance
(refer to the robot chicken adaptation by Seth green aka the giraffe, that we watched in class) - 129bowlbys phases of morning, a behavioral theory that includes 4 phases which are:1.numbing
2.yearning & searching
3. disorganization and despair
4. reorganization - 130another behavioral theory that includes 4 tasks is Worden's tasks of mourning which are:1.accept reality of loss
2. worth through pain and grief
3. adjust to environment in which the deceased is missing
4. emotionally relocate the deceased and move on with life - 131how does a child (infancy-5 years of age) view death?doesn't understand the concept of death.
infants sense of separation forms basis for later understanding of loss and death.
believes death is reversible, a temporary departure, or sleep. - 132how do children 5-9 view death?understands that death is final.
believes own death can be avoided.
associates death with aggression or violence.
believes wishes or unrelated actions can be responsible for death. - 133how do children 9-12 view death?understands inevitability.
begins to understand own mortality.
concept of death expressed as interest in afterlife or fear of death. - 134adolescents 12-18 may view death as:fear a lingering death.
may fantasize that death can be defied, acting out defiance through wreckless behaviors (e.g., dangerous driving, substance abuse)
seldom thinks about death, but views it in religious or philosophic terms.
may seem to reach "adult" perception of death, but it emotionally unable to accept it. - 135how 18-45 year old adults view death:has attitude towards death influenced by religious & cultural beliefs.
- 13645-65 yo on deathaccepts own mortality,
encounters death of parents and some peers.
experiences peaks of death anxiety.
death anxiety diminishes with emotional well-being. - 13765+ on deathfears prolonged illness.
encounters death of family members & peers.
sees death as having multiple meanings (e.g., freedom from pain, reunion with past deceased family members) - 138what is unresolved griefsignifies some disturbances of the normal progression towards resolution.
- 139complicated grievingunresolved grief or complicated mourning; aka dysfunctional grieving
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- Karteikarten am Foundations 23,24,32 Study Guide, erstellt von Airen Smith am 05/08/2016.
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