Karteikarten
Ohne Titel
Karten in diesem Stapel (16)
- 1Murdock (1962)A - provide evidence to support the MSM explanation of memory
M - Ppts had to learn a list of words presented one at a time for two seconds per word and then recall the words in any order
R - The words at the end of the list were recalled first (recency effect) and the beginning were recalled quite well (primacy effect) and the ones in the middle were poorly recalled
C - provides evidence for separate short term and long term stores because the primacy effect is caused by words going into the LTM and the recency effect is caused by words still being in the STM - 2Evaluation of Murdock (1962)Low Ecological Validity (wouldn't normally learn a list of words)
Quantitative Data (scores can be easily compared) - 3Craik and Tulving (1975)A - see if the level at which information is processed has an effect on a person's memory
M - told ppts that the study was to test speed of reaction and perception. they presented them with a word very quickly and then asked a question about the word. Three ways of testing: structural, phonetic, semantic. Ppts were then given a long list of words and asked which ones they had seen earlier
R - more words were recalled if ppts had to think about their meaning than if they had to look at their appearance - they remembered more words when asked semantic questions rather than structural or phonetic
C - the more deeply materials is processed the more likely you are to remember it - 4Evaluation of Craik and Tulving (1975)Lacks Internal Validity (was depth of processing measure or the length of time a stimulus is processed)
Repeated measures design (avoids ppts variables) - 5Wynn and Logie (1998)A - see if the recall of familiar stories changed after serial reproduction
M - they asked university students to recall details of their first week at university. They were asked to do this several times throughout the year
R - showed that the accuracy of recall of their descriptions remained the same no matter how many times they were asked to recall the information
C - memories of familiar events will not change over time - 6Evaluation of Wynn and Logie (1998)Sample was university students (could they have generally better memories)
High ecological Validity (often repeat details of our own experiences to other people) - 7Underwood and Postman (1960)A - test the retroactive theory in an experiment set up
M - researchers asked ppts to learn a list of paired words. The ppts then learnt a second list where the first word of the second pair was the same as the first. The control was not given the second list. They were all then asked to recall the first list
R - the recall of the control group was more accurate
C - learning items in a second list interferes with ability to recall first list - 8Evaluation of Underwood and Postman (1960)Low Ecological Validity (random word pairs not reflective of real life interference)
Control group was used to allow comparison of data (makes it easier to isolate cause and effect) - 9Godden and Baddelay (1975)A - see if ppl who learn and are tested in the same environment will recall more information then those who learn and are tested in different environments
M - asked deep sea divers to memorise a list of words. One did this on the beach while others did it underwater. Each group was divided into two, half of the beach ppl went under water and half of the underwater ppl went on the beach
R - those who recalled in the same environment in which they learned in recalled 40% more words than those wo recalled in a different environment
C - recall of information is improved if it occurs in the context in which it was learned - 10Evaluation of Godden and Baddeley (1975)Field Experiment (low control over extraneous variables, therefore difficult to isolate cause and effect)
Conducted in a natural environment (therefore easy to generalise to everyday settings) - 11HMA - investigate the impact of amnesia on forgetting and memory
M - patient HM suffered from extreme epilepsy. In order to manage this his hippocampus was removed, the impact following this surgery was investigated in a case study
R - when the hippocampus was removed from both sides he was left with anterograde amnesia. He could remember things before the surgery but couldn't remember anything from after
C - the hippocampus is crucial for recording new memories - 12Evaluation of HMCase Study (a lot of detailed information but only on one person - not generalisible)
Allows study of localisation of function through non invasive methods (the psychologists didn't remove his hippocampus this had already happened for medical reasons) - 13Bruce and Young (1998)A - to see if familiarity affects the accuracy of identifying faces
M - psychology lecturers were caught on security cameras at the entrance of a building. Students were split into two groups: those who had the lecturer and those who didn't, plus police officers and were asked to identify the faces seen on the security camera tape from series of high quality photos
R - the lecturers' students made more correct identifications than other student and experienced police officers
C - previous familiarity helps with identifying faces - 14Evaluation of Bruce and Young (1998)Ppts Variables (psychology students could of affected results)
Low Ecological validity (in real life we dont generally see still faces)
Provides quantitative data - 15Loftus and Palmer (1974)A - see if leading questions affect the accuracy of recall
M - ppts were shown films of car accidents. Some were asked how fast was the car going when t hit the other other car? Others were asked how fast it was going when it smashed the other car?
R - those who heard the word smashed gave a higher speed estimate than those who heard hit
C - leading questions will affect accuracy of recall. The word smashed led ppts to believe the car was going faster - 16Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer (1974)Low Ecological Validity (not a real car cash - emotion in real life could change findings)
Quantitative Data (easily compared)
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- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von Ramiya Uthayashankar am 25/09/2016.
- Erstellt von
- Ramiya Uthayashankar
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