Karteikarten
Evolutionary relationships
Karten in diesem Stapel (32)
- 1specific traitlink to higher fitness in individuals (refers to adaptation)
- 2natural selectiontraits within a population by naturally occurring selection
- 3Ernst Mayr's biological species conceptspecies involve the production of offspring AND the offspring also must be able to survive and produce fertile offspring themselves
- 4difficult to stateif an animal colony in the wild represents a 'species'
- 5term 'species' is often avoided and replaced by ...Taxon (taxa) - group of organisms with common ancestry
- 6Adaptationsneed to have functions related to higher fitness
Mouse lemurs produce ultrasonic vocalizations (which predators do not hear) - 7Homologysimilarity due to being related
- 8anatomical similaritiesmorphological homology
- 9developmental (embryonic) similaritiesontogenetic homology
- 10similarities in DNA, RNA and proteinsmolecular homology
- 11Homoplasysimilarity NOT due to being related (organisms of different taxa have traits that resemble each other but have evolved independently)
- 12analogyif similarity in function (wings of insects, birds and bats are all analogous)
- 13Primates and dolphins have large brainshomology - large brains among dolphin taxa seem to have evolved from the same evolutionary root
- 14evolutionary treebased on genetic data, represent the history of evolutionary lineages
- 15nodes of the tree - evolutionary relationshipsevolutionary branches show recency of common ancestry (like a tree branch)
- 16five main primate taxalemurs and lorises
tarsiers
new world monkeys
old world monkeys
apes
humans - 17each nodes leads toa spilt off into two taxa/lineages
- 18new species then emerged within these two lineagesand additional species continuously emerged over million of years
- 19today's species can, therefore, NOT be ancestors of each otherto some extent similar to how people of the same generation can not be parents or children of each other
- 20humans are NOTthe endproduct of primate evolution
- 21Gregor Mendel (19th century monk)genes - units of heredity that maintain structural format through generations
they are a part of the chromosomes - 22genes are made from DNADNA codes the synthesis of RNA
- 23RNA codes thesynthesis of proteins
- 24genotype'internal genetic code' (blueprint)
- instructions for making proteins, cells... - 25phenotype'outward manifestation' - physical appearance, behaviour...
- 26high heritability found in some behaviours:-neuroticism
- alcoholism
(twin studies, adoption studies, etc.) - 27additive genetic varianceinvolves total genes inherited
- 28dominant genetic varianceinvolves dominant genes being expressed
- 29epistatic genetic varianceinvolves an interaction between genes (suppressed/expressed)
- 30multiplier effectgenetic or prenatal influences - increase of some tendency {} environment that facilitates
- 31Altruism: deep evolutionary roots- food sharing - adoption of oprhans - tending of injured related and unrelated group members -
helping of threatened group members - 32if behaviours can be explained at an evolutionary levelthen they must have a genetic basis
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- Key Ideas into human and animal behaviour - PSYCHOLOGY Karteikarten am Evolutionary relationships , erstellt von vicky_hunt am 31/03/2014.
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