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Medical Terminology - Chapter 15 - Nervous System

angeline martin Englisch 174 Karten

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  1. 1Nerve FiberProcess or projection of Axon or nerve cells
  2. 2AuraSensation come before a physical and mental disorder- example seizures and migrains
  3. 3NeurotransmittersChemical messengers released by electrical impulses at the end of the axon
  4. 4AfferentSensory= transmits impulses from sensory receptors in skin, sense organs and internal organs to the CNS (brain and spinal cord.
  5. 5Efferentmotor= transmits from the CNS (brain and spinal cord to effectors, muscles and glands
  6. 6Blood Brain BarrierBlockage formed by astrocytes- that blocks specific substances from entering the brain tissue.
  7. 7Limbic SystemComplex neural system beneath the cerebrum that control base emotions and memory
  8. 8NeurolemmaNerve Husk- PNS - additional external myelin sheath formed by schwann cells on axons
  9. 9VentricleOrgan chamber or cavity that holds fluid
  10. 10AneurysmAneurysm- dilation or weakness in arterial wall where branching occurs
  11. 11Homeostasis regulation mechanisms1. Receptor- receives stimuli, signal sent to the control center
    2. Control center processes and send command to the effect or by motor nerve
    3. Effect or- produces action to stabilize
  12. 12Central Nervous System (CNS) (Function)1. Brain- center of thought and emotion, interpretation of sensory stimuli and coordination of body functions
    2. Spinal cord- main pathway for transmission of information between the brain and body
  13. 13Peripheral Nervous System (Nerves in Cranial and Spinal)1.Cranial nerves- 12 pairs -act in both a motor and sensory capacity
    2. Spinal Nerves- 31 pairs emerge from the spine -both motor and sensory capacities
  14. 14Autonomic nervous system (2 divisions)Sympathetic (fight or flight)
    Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
  15. 15Cranial Nerves (12)1.Olfactory-2.Optic-3.Oculomotor- 4.trochlear-
    5.trigeminal-6.Abducens -
    7.Facial- 8.vetibibulocochlear- 9. Glossopharyngeal-
    10. Vague- 11. Accessory-
    12. Hypoglossal
  16. 16cerebr/oCerebrum- smart part of the brain controlling personality- upper region
  17. 17crani/oCranium (skull)
  18. 18encephal/oIn the brain
  19. 19Gangli/oKnot or knot-like mass
  20. 20Kinesis/0 Kino Kinesiamovement
  21. 21Lept/othin, slender minenges
  22. 22Lex/oWord or phrase
  23. 23Mening/o Meningi/oMeanings (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
  24. 24Myel/oBone marrow, spinal cord
  25. 25narc/oStupor, numbness, sleep
  26. 26dendr/oTree-like branching- describes densities- part of the nerve cell- receives stimulus
  27. 27Neur/onerve
  28. 28Radicul/oNerve root - come together in spinal nerves
  29. 29Sthen/ostrength
  30. 30Thalam/oThalamus (sensory relay station)
  31. 31Ton/oTension
  32. 32VentricleLarge chamber, of the heart or brain
  33. 33-algesia -algiapain
  34. 34-astheniaWeakness, debility
  35. 35-esthesiafeeling
  36. 36-kinesiamovement
  37. 37-lepsyseizure
  38. 38-peresisPARTIAL Paralysis
  39. 39-plegiaTotal paralysis (4 limbs)
  40. 40-phasiaspeech
  41. 41-taxiaCoordination or order
  42. 42ParaNear, besides, beyond
  43. 43syn-Union together, joined
  44. 44UniOne
  45. 45Psychomind
  46. 46EfAway from
  47. 47Aftoward
  48. 48Somat/o Soma Somebody
  49. 49Soma SomeBody
  50. 50Gli/o GliaGlue
  51. 51AutismCondition of self- extreme withdrawal- in fantasy world - inability to communicate
  52. 52Bipolar DisorderMental disorder - unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy, and the ability to function; also called manic depressive illness
  53. 53Bulimia nervosaEating disorder - binge and purge
  54. 54depressionMood disorder- sadness, despair, discouragement and commonly, feeling of low self esteem, guilt and withdrawl
  55. 55ManiaMood disorder -mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, excessively elevated mood
  56. 56NeurosisNon-psychotic mental disorder that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior
  57. 57psychosisBreak from reality- major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting the challenges of daily life
  58. 58Panic AttacksSudden intense feeling of fear that comes without warning
  59. 59HallucinationsSee and hear things that are not there
  60. 60DelusionsWhen you have a thought that is not true- example a person that thinks they can fly
  61. 61agnosiaCondition of not knowing
  62. 62astheniaWithout strength - Weakness
  63. 63ataxiaNo opening
  64. 64Closed Head TraumaInjury to the head-no opening- brain tissue not exposed- Duran mater remains in tact
  65. 65comaAbnormally deep unconciousness
  66. 66dementiaCognitive decline (function intellectually) memory problems
  67. 67dyslexiaDifficulty with learning and processing words into meaningful information - difficulty with reading writing and speech
  68. 68Cerebral Palsygroup of non-aggressive disorders with some degree of motor impairment(paresis or pelagic) caused by brain damage in a perinatal period
  69. 69Gillian - Barre syndromeInflammatory process in myelin sheath of peripheral nerve- could have weakness or paralysis
  70. 70Herpes ZosterShingles
  71. 71Huntington ChoreaDegenerative disease of the CNS characterized by quick involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration- in the basal nuclei at the base of the cerebrum
  72. 72Hydrocephalus 1. Acquired 2. CongenitalWater on the brain in ventricles
    1. Acquired = develops at birth or any time afterward as a result of injury or disease
    2. congenital= caused by factors that occur during fetal development or as a result of genetic abnormalities
  73. 73Parkinson Disease (opposite from Huntington Chorea)Degenerative disease- Bottom of cerebrum (black substances)- has too much control of accessory movement- resulting in stiffness, shaking
  74. 74NerosisMental illness that involves emotion- sometimes triggered by some event of the past
  75. 75psychosisMajor thought disorder- lose contact with reality
  76. 76anencephalyCongenital deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing
  77. 77Spinal bifidDefect of neural tube- brain and spinal cord do not form correctly
  78. 78MeningoceleForm of spinal bifida in which at he spinal cord develops properly but the meanings protrude through the spine
  79. 79myelomeningoceleMost severe form of spinal bifida in which the spinal cord and meanings protrude through the spine
  80. 80OccultaForm of spinal bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin
  81. 81palsyParalysis usually partial and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor
  82. 82Palsy (bell)Facial paralysis - common - 7th cranial nerve issue
  83. 83Palsy (cerebral)type of paralyze that affects movement and body position and some times speech and learning ability
  84. 84paralysisLoss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
  85. 85Paralysis (hemiplegia)One side paralysis (right or left)
  86. 86Paralysis (paraplegia)Lower limbs
  87. 87Paralysis (quadriplegia)Paralysis from neck down (4 limbs)
  88. 88paraesthesiaSensation of numbness, pickling, tingling or heightened sensitivity
  89. 89polyomyelitisInflammation of gray matter of the brain or spinal cord and bone marrow- caused by virus resulting in paralysis
  90. 90Reye syndromeDisease - process where the brain and liver is destroyed and fat takes a larger presence
  91. 91Syncopefainting
  92. 92electroencephalographyRecording of electrical activity in the brain
  93. 93electromyographyRecording of electrical signals in the muscle
  94. 94Tonic clonic seizureTonic= stiffness
    clonic = jerking and shaking
  95. 95Transient ischemic attackTemporary decrease in oxygen of the blood flow to the brain
  96. 96Lumbar punctureLower back- needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid
  97. 97Nerve conduction velocityTest that measures speed in which electrical impulses travel through a nerve
  98. 98cryosurgeryDestroy tissue with freezing cold method
  99. 99stereostatic radiosurgery SRSPrecisely focused radiation beams used to treat tumors or other abnormal growths
  100. 100thalamotomyPartial destruction of the Thalamus to treat intractable pain
  101. 101tractomytransversely cutting of nerve tracts (clusters of cell processes in the CNS)
  102. 102Nerve tractsClusters of cell processes in the CNS
  103. 103trephinationCut a circular hole in the skull to relieve pressure in the brain
  104. 104NervesClusters of cell processes in the PNS consists of cranial and spinal nerves
  105. 105Ventriculoperitoneal shuntingrelieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity
  106. 106Cerebral spinal fluid analysisLab test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
  107. 107angiographyRecording of vessel with contrast
  108. 108Computed tomography angiography (CTA)Angiography in combination with CT scan to produce a high resolution three dimensional image of the blood vessel
  109. 109discographyCT scan of the lumbar region- with contrast
  110. 110echoencephalographyUltrasound technique to study intracranial structures- with contrast
  111. 111Magnetic source imaging MSINon- invasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originates
  112. 112myelographyx ray t detect pathology of the spinal cord including location of the spinal cord injury, cysts and tumors following injection of contrast medium
  113. 113Positron emission tomographyCT that recordspositions of positiveloy charged particles emitted from radiopharmaceutical and produces a cross sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease
  114. 114anesthesiaPartial or complete loss of sensation or feeling
  115. 115Anesthesia (general)Act upon the brain to produce a loss of feeling with a loss of consciousness
  116. 116Anesthesia (nerve block)Regional anesthestic
  117. 117antiparkinsonsian agentsControl tremors and muscle rigidity associated with the disease
  118. 118antipsychoticstreat psychosis and schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system which controls muscles
  119. 119antidepressantstreat multiple symptoms of depression by increasing levels of specific neurotransmitters
  120. 120hypnoticsdepress the central nervous system functions. promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness and restlessness
  121. 121psychostimulantsincrease psychomotor activities in most patients by increasing neurotransmitters- induce tem improvements in mental or physical functions - reduce fatigue , promotes alertness- used for ADHD patients to improve concentration and impulse control
  122. 122CNScentral nervous system
  123. 123CSFCerebralspinal fluid
  124. 124CVAcerebrovascular accident
  125. 125EMGElectromyography
  126. 126EEGElectroencephalography
  127. 127LOCLoss of control
  128. 128LPLumbar puncture
  129. 129PNSPeripheral nervous system
  130. 130TIAtransient ischemic attack
  131. 131ANSAutonomic nervous system
  132. 132Vagectomyinterruption of the function of the vagus nerve to relieve peptic ulcer disease
  133. 133Neurona specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.
    Sends Signals:
    afferent and efferent
  134. 134NeurogliaNerve Glue- bind neurons and tissues together - supply nutrients & O2- assist in metabolic activities - plays and important role when the nervous system suffers and injury or infection. they do not transmit signals
  135. 135Nerve Impulsea progressive wave of electric and chemical activity along a nerve fiber that stimulates or inhibits the action of a muscle, gland, or other nerve cell.
  136. 136Neuroglia CNS Type (1 of 4) Astrocytes1. Astrocytes-star shaped, serves as mechanical support to neurons-forms tight covering around capillaries of brain (blood brain Barrier)
  137. 137Neuroglia CNS Blood Brain BarrierBBB- keeps specific germs and substances from entering delicate tissues of the brain
  138. 138Neuroglia CNS Type (2 of 4) OligodendrocytesHelps with the development of fatty insulation myelin sheath on the neurons of the CNS "hot dog wrap"
  139. 139Nueroglia CNS Type (3 of 4) Microgliavery small in size but function like a macrophages; are phagocytes and help fight infection
  140. 140Neuroglia CNS Type (4 or 4) Ependymaciliated cells, line fluid filled cavities of CNS especially ventricles - help with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
  141. 141Neuroglia in PNS (1 of 1) Schwann cellforms myelin
    (insulation with "jelly roll")wrap
  142. 142Difference in the CNS and PNS1. CNS = center of nervous system (brain and spinal cord
    2. PNS= periphery of nervous system-cranial and spinal nerves and sensory receptors
  143. 143Neuron Structure (1 of 3) Cell body1. cell body- enlarged main structure also called soma - contains nucleus, organelles and cytoplasm
  144. 144Neuron Structure Dendrite- (2 of 3) (part of the branching cytoplasmic process)receives and transmits impulses to the cell body- many tiny branches (like on trees)
  145. 145Neuron structure - Axon (3 of 3) Branching of the cytoplasmic processMain branch from cell body -transmits impulses to muscles, glands and other neurons- end of axon is called the terminal- button-like end of terminal is called the synaptic knob
  146. 146SynapseA place where a signal passes from one nerve cell to another - passes from an axon to another excitable membrane- plasma membrane of an effector or another neuron
  147. 147Axon Terminal Functionrefers to the end of an axon or an axon branch, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target (with the help of the synaptic knob at the end of the terminal)
  148. 148Mininges - Dura Mater (connective tissue protective membranes) (1 of 3)Dura Mater- outer most membrane, strong fibrous connective tissue (name means - hard or tough mother
  149. 149Mininges (Arachnoid Mater) (connective tissue protective membranes) (2 of 3)Arachnoid Mater- middle membrane "spider-web-like"; spinal fluid circulation in space below it (name means spider-like mother)
  150. 150Mininges (Pia Mater) (connective tissue protective membranes) (3 of 3)Pia Mater- inner most delicate membrane on surface of brain and spinal cord- contains blood vessels and lymphatics that nourish outer brain; means "tender little mother"
  151. 151White Matter (location and function)Bundles of myelinated axons sheath (gives white color)
    • Located in and around the outside of the Spinal Cord • In the Brain, the Matter is towards the inside under the gray matter
    • Peripheral Nerves of (PNS) and all tracts in CNS.
  152. 152Gray MatterContains mostly nerve cell bundles and Unmyelinated fibers (looks gray or pink due to organelles in cytoplasm) - Location -• In the Spinal Cord, the matter shows a "H" or "Butterfly" shape in the center.
    • In the Brain, it is the outer covering of Brain matter.
    • Within the inside of the Brain, you have Nuclei.
    • Nuclei are centers of ____ matter within the white matter.
  153. 153Brain Structures Cerebrum (1 of 7)2 upper halves (L&R), separated by longitudal fissure-5 lobes- 4 lobes named (bones they cover)
    1.frontal, 2.parietal, 3.temporal, 4.occipital - The other is the insula posterior end of lateral sulcus
  154. 154Brain Structures - Cerebrum- Corpus Collosum (2 of 7)Corpus Collosum- largest white matter fiber tract- it is "C" shaped- connects cerebral hemispheres- allows for communication between the L&R sides of the brain
  155. 155Brain Structures Cerebrum - Cerebra surface = Gyri and Sulci (3 of 7)Cerebral Surface:
    1. Gyri- folds or elevated ridges on cerebral surface
    2. Sulci- shallow fissures or grooves, separates gyri
  156. 156Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Cerebral Cortex -(4 of 7)Cerebra Cortex (approximately 3/4 of brain)- thin layer of gray matter on the surface made of millions of cell bodies
  157. 157Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Cerebral White Matter -(5 of 7)Myelinated axons
  158. 158Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Basal Nuclei-(6 of 7)Masses of gray matter deep in cerebrum; regulates and organizes accessory movements (old name Basal Ganglia)
  159. 159Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Substancia Nigra-(7 of 7)functionally part of the basal nuclei; located in the mid brain- name means (black substance)
  160. 160Brain Structures - Diencephalon - (1 of 4)Innerbrain with 2 main structures which are the thalamus and hypothalamus- and the limbus system border
  161. 161Brain Structures - Diencephalon - Thalamus-(1 of 3)"relay station" for sensory input (shaped like a football)- accepts sensory stimuli except olfactory; then processes and transmits them to cerebral cortex
  162. 162Brain Structures - Diencephalon - Hypothalamus-(2 of 3)responsible for "basic animal instincts" drives (thirst, hunger, sex)- regulates temperature, fluid balance, and many endocrine functions- considered the center of the autonomic nervous system
  163. 163Brain Structures - Diencephalon - Limbus System Border -(3 of 3)Functional group of nuclei and tracts between cerebrum and diencephalon- contains "motivational system"- emotions and feelings- fear, anger, pleasure
  164. 164Brain Structures - Brain Stem (1 of 5)pathway or highway for impulses between brain and spinal cord. called primary brain- because it is responsible for beginning and end of life
  165. 165Brain Structures - Brain Stem Midbrain (2 of 5)also called thee mesencephalon (middle brain), connects cerebrum with brain stem
  166. 166Brain Structures - Brain Stem Pons (3 of 5)"bridge"; looks like a "bulges"; controls certain patterns of respiration- has myelinated axons that connects midbrain to medulla
  167. 167Brain Structures - Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata (4 of 5)attaches to spinal cord; controls vital signs, looks like "small bulges"- controls respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate- contains involuntary centers; cough, sneeze, etc.
  168. 168Brain Structures - Brain Stem Decussation of the pyramid (5 of 5)fibers of motor neurons that cross over from one side of the brain to the other side
  169. 169Somatic nervous system (SNS)Somatic= 1.(voluntary) associated with voluntary movement (walking talking-operates through conscious control) -2. transmits sensory info to the brain and spinal cord - 3. transmits motor info from brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscles
  170. 170Autonomic nervous system (ANS) (2 divisions)(Involuntary)- associated with involuntary movement; operates without conscious control- digestion, heart contraction, vasoconstriction and gland secretion - consists of nerve fibers that 1. transmit sensory information to the brain and spinal cord 2. transmits motor information from brain and spinal cord to glands, and smooth and cardiac muscle tissue- Important Note- there are two divisions of the ANS= parasympathetic and sympathetic
  171. 171Sympathetic Nervous SystemActive and acute stress or crises situations (fight/fright/ flight)- decreases gastrointestinal activity
  172. 172Parasympathetic Nervous SystemActive during normal body functions "digest/rest/nest" 1. stimulates blood flow to gastrointestinal tract and increases its activity- 2. slows heart rate. decreases breathing and blood pressure
  173. 173Spinal Nerves31 pairs- (mixed- sensory and motor) exits spinal cord between spaces
  174. 174Leptominingesterm for arachnoid and pia mater because of thinness and delicacy

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Medial Terminology- Chapter 15- Nervous System
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angeline martin
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