Karteikarten
Developmental studies
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- 1Maccoby 1980argued signs of attachments: Seeking proximity, Distress on separation, joy of reunion and General orientation of behaviour towards other person.
- 2Lorenz 1930'sethologists, greylag geese imprinting in a critical period 13 to 16 hours after hatch 32 hours to late to imprint.
- 3Klaus and Kennell 1976earl skin to skin contact, control group had routine contact with their children after birth and the experimental group had extended contact K and K visited both group one month then one year after babies birth experimental group showed more soothing behaviours and maintained a closer proximity to their baby and gazed at their baby more. concluding that they had formed closer bonds indicating sensitive period immediately after birth this changed practices of hospitals
- 4De Chateau et al 1987like Klaus and Kennell but with middle-class Swedish mothers supported their results.
- 5Schaffer and Emerson 196460 Glasgow babies, visited every month for the first year of life then again at 18 months. Came up with signs of attachment separation anxiety and Stranger distress. observation and interview used came with stages of attachment asocial (0-6 weeks) indiscriminate attachment (6weeks-6months), specific attachments (7 months+) and Multiple attachments (10/11 months)
- 6Skinner (learning theory)Operant conditioning, rats - explored cage and when accidently pushed lever to release food pellet they would quickly learn to repeat this behaviour. so baby cry's mother gives comfort, baby cry's more because t knows mother will satisfy basic drives.
- 7PavlovPavlov's dogs: dog's salivate at sound of foot steps at meal times. Classical conditioning unconditional stimulus creates an unconditioned response.
- 8Harlow and Harlow 1958Rhesus monkeys taken away from their mothers at 8 months old, put in cages with wire surrogate mothers. One comforting (rapt in a towel) and the other provided food. They clung to the cloth mother signalling that the desire for food is not the reason that causes babies to form attachments.
- 9John BowlbyEvolutionary approach, attachments are innate to help baby survive and reproduce. He also came up with the theory of monotropy, single attachment to most important person. internal working model, template for future relationships and importance of using mother as 'safe base'.
- 10Hazan and Shaver 1987Love Quiz, advertised in local Newspaper had to check one of the three options describing their past romantic relationships. tested two groups of people, 215 men and 415 women from the responses found strong links between childhood attachment's and their later romantic experiences.
- 11Ainsworth 1970Strange Situation, 8 steps - 70% securely attached, 15% Insecure-avoidant and 15% Insecure-ambivalent.
- 12Van Ijzendoorn and Koonenberg.meta-analysis of 32 separate studies, of over 2000 babies in 8 different countries. Great Britain 75% secure (highest)- Germany 35.5% Avoidant and 28.8% Israel Ambivalent.
- 13Bowlby44 thieves looked at 44 adolescent thieves to see if their was a link between disruption of attachment and juvenile delinquency- more then half had been separated from their mothers for longer then 6 months during the first five years in the control group (only their for emotional problems not thieves) had only two separations like this. 32% of the thieves showed affectionless psychopathy. Bowlby concluded that maternal separation in the first five years causes anti-social behaviour and emotional problems.
- 14Gross and McIlveen 1997Boys respond more strongly to separation than girls. (wide differences in the sexes)
- 15Czech Twins 1969-1972 (1977 and 1991)after the death of their mother at the age of 18 months they were subjected to privation (locked in an unheated basement, starved and beaten with no human interaction) They were discovered at the age of seven, with no speech, serious health problems (form malnutrition) and terrified of people. They attended a school for children with learning difficulties and were adopted by two sisters. They developed a strong emotional bond with their new family and developed average intelligence. In 1977 they continued with average intelligence and turned into happy sociable boys attending a mainstream school. In 1991 no psychological problems.
- 16Genie 1977at 14 months of age doctor noticed slow cognitive development, she was chained to a potty during the day and bound in a sleeping bag at night. She was beaten if she spoke and her mother and brother were forbade from speaking to her. She was found at the age of thirteen she could not stand, had a vocabulary of 20 words, had social maturity level of a one year old, she could not chew, salivated constantly and was not toilet trained. Within a few months of therapy she could give one word answers and dress herself. Never recovered to live normal life, had to stay in foster care her whole life.
- 17Hodges and Tizard 1984 and 1989natural experiment on long term effects of privation. 65 children in care 'till age of 4 (not allowed to form attachment due to procedure of care home) at two years showing signs of disinhibited attachments. 25 restored and 33 adopted, at 8 they were observed in their homes 20/21 od the adoptees had formed close attachments with their 'mother' were as the restored children only 6/13 had formed close attachments. At the age of 16 they were interviewed with a key adult and questionnaires were sent to their schools to be filled in buy their teachers and same sex peers to evaluate their attachment behaviour. 17/21 had close attachments at 16 of the adopted children were as the restored children 5/9 had close attachments to their mothers. restored had worse relationships with siblings. All three groups (control group of 7 remained in care) had difficultly with peers and sought attention from adults, restored group more confrontational.
- 18Rutter et al 2007longitudinal study on Romanian orphans who were adopted by British families.
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- Karteikarten am Developmental studies, erstellt von jsavage1 am 03/05/2014.
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