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Health Stress and Coping - flash cards
Karten in diesem Stapel (41)
- 1What are the 3 factors of the Biopsychosocial model of health?-Biological factors
- psychological factors
- social factors - 2What are the 4 health psych theories?- Health belief model
- protection motivation theory
- theory of reasoned action
- theory of planned behaviour - 3What are the 4 factors of the Health Belief Model?- perceived susceptibility
- perceived severity
- benefits & barriers to action
- cues to action - 4How would you explain perceived susceptibility in the - Health Belief Model - Using Sun Cancer as example -someone's perception that they're likely to contract a particular condition.
eg: they believe either...
"I'm susceptible, I will get skin cancer" - if you believe you are susceptible - you're less likely to keep sun-tanning.
or.. I'm not susceptible and will be fine - continue sun-tanning. - 5How would you explain perceived severity in the - Health Belief Model - Using Sun Cancer as example -someone's perception of how serious a condition is, and the impact it'll have on their lives. - The more severe you perceive the consequences to be the more likely you will stop engaging in the behaviour.
eg:
high severity - WILL get skin cancer - stop sun-tanning
Low severity - WON'T get skin cancer - continue sun-tanning - 6How would you explain benefits & barriers to action in the - Health Belief Model - Using Sun Cancer as example -Individual's evaluations of the benefits and costs to be gained from stopping behaviour.
eg:
benefits of stopping sun-tanning - healthy skin, wont have any harmful sun effects or cancer.
Barriers - ill be white and ugly - continue suntanning - 7How would you explain cues to action in the - Health Belief Model - Using Sun Cancer as example -external factors/influences that influence whether or not we engage in particular behaviour.
eg:
Campaigns promoting skin safe behaviour.
-slip,slop,slap = stop sun tanning - 8What factor (5th factor) was missing from the Health Belief Model that was later added to the Protection Motivation Theory? What does this mean?SELF-EFFICACY
The individual's confidence in their own ability to take action. - 9How would you explain self-efficacy in the - Protection Motivation Theory? - Using Sun Cancer as example -Individual's confidence in their ability to take action.
eg: do you feel you can stop sun-tanning?
I believe I can stop - then you will stop sun-tanning.
I cant stop - then you wont stop sun-tanning. - 10THEORY OF REASONED ACTION (most widely used) predicting intentions..... Explain the1st factor - Attitudes towards behaviour - What are the outcomes? EXAMPLE IDEA- QUITTING SMOKING1st factor - attitudes towards behaviour
The individual's perceptions about engaging in this sort of behaviour? What are the outcomes of engaging in the behaviour
Positive Attitude about Quitting Smoking = Greater intention to quit = more likely to quit smoking
Postive Outcomes of quitting: Healthier, Less chance of lung cancer, less stigma.
Negative Attitude about Quitting Smoking = Lower intention to quit = less likely to quit smoking
Negative Outcomes of quitting: greater stress, less pleasure, weight gain. - 111st factor - Attitudes towards Behaviour What determines whether you will develop a negative or positive attitude towards the behaviour?It is determined by how strong these beliefs are that determines if you develop a negative or positive attitude toward the behaviour, as well as how many positive or negative beliefs you have.
- 12THEORY OF REASONED ACTION What does this theory predict that predicts intentions? Explain the 2nd factor - subjective norm EXAMPLE - QUITTING SMOKING2nd factor - subjective norm
The beliefs you have about what other people think you should do.
If peers want you to quit smoking= subjective norm FOR quitting smoking = GREATER intention to quit smoking = MORE LIKELY to quit smoking.
Peers don't want you to quit smoking = subjective norm AGAINST quitting smoking = LOWER intention to quit smoking = LESS LIKELY to quit smoking. - 13THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR The 3rd factor that was added on from the theory of reasoned action. Explain the 3rd factor - Planned behaviour EXAMPLE - QUITTING SMOKINGCan I engage in this behaviour, do I have control over this behaviour?
This 3rd factor overrides the first two factors, because if you perceive you cannot engage in a behaviour then you won't be able to engage in the behaviour.
POSITIVE - you have a POSITIVE attitude towards quitting smoking & subjective norm FOR quitting smoking = HIGH perceived behavioural control = GREATER intention to quit smoking = MORE LIKELY to quit smoking.
NEGATIVE - you have a POSITIVE attitude towards quitting smoking & subjective norm FOR quitting smoking & LOW perceived behavioural control = GREATER intention to quit smoking = LESS LIKELY to quit smoking.
meaning: despite positive attitude & subjective norms for quitting smoking (peers support quitting), with a low perceived behavioural control; despite greater intentions, the chances are you're less likely that to quit smoking. - 14BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Individual Barriers - HEALTH-COMPROMISING BEHAVIOURSHEALTH-COMPROMISING BEHAVIOURS:
NEGATIVE effects don't occur immediately
eating junk food is more rewarding in the short term (it's yummy) - 15BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Individual Barriers - HEALTH-PROMOTING BEHAVIOURSHEALTH-PROMOTING BEHAVIOURS: Are less enjoyable, more effortful, POSITIVE effects don't occur immediately.
- 16BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Individual Barriers - UNREALISTIC OPTIMISMUNREALISTIC OPTIMISM: We don't think we will get fat/sick/cancer which is why we don't engage in health-promoting behaviours enough.
- 17BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Individual Barriers - MOTIVATED IGNORANCEMOTIVATED IGNORANCE: We know all the negative consequences but do it anyway. eg: smokers still smoke despite knowing its bad.
- 18BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Family - Parent modellingif the family is modelling health-compromising behaviours then it's hard (it's a barrier) to engage in health-promoting behaviours.
- 19BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Family - HEALTH SYSTEM BARRIERS- Lack of health insurance
- Doctor-patient relationship (good rapport needed) eg: sexual health check - some Drs may judge patient, so they are less willing to go see Drs. - 20BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Family - COMMUNITY, CULTURAL & ETHNIC BARRIERS- Social norms - its ok to eat fatty food cuz everyone else does
-Impoverishment - the cheapest food to buy is the worst for your health - 21STRESS Stress Appraisal - 1. When would you use a Primary Appraisal? 2. Explain Primary Appraisal.You would use a primary appraisal upon being faced with a certain situation, eg: sky diving. you would then ask yourself
"Is the situation stressful, benign or irrelevant?" - 22STRESS Stress Appraisal - 1. Why would you use Secondary Appraisal? 2. Explain Secondary Appraisal.- If made the primary appraisal that the situation is stressful then you go onto secondary appraisal.
- How do I respond to this stress? - 23STRESS Stress Appraisal - Explain Emotional ForecastingThinking about future us and how would we respond to the stressor as well as how we were to cope in a particular way.
- 24STRESS MAJOR TYPES What are Lazarus' three types?Lazarus’ three types:
Harm or loss: Damage that has already occurred (e.g. accident, job loss)
Threat: comes from Anticipating harm or loss (e.g. fear of failing, fear of regret)
Challenge: a Positive experience that is associated with stressors...Opportunity for growth - Uni! - 25STRESS SOURCES What are Change/life events?Typically involve change: noticeable alterations in one’s - living circumstances that - require readjustment
Social Re-adjustment Rating Scale -
(Holmes & Rahe, 1997) measures exposure to stressful life events ▲
Most stressful event – death of loved one (spouse/child) - ► associated with mortality
Acculturative stress: - stress experienced when trying to adapt to a new culture - 26STRESS SOURCES Change/life events - What is the most stressful event in peoples lives? What is it associated with?Death of a loved one (spouse/child)
Its associated with mortality
Stress of losing a loved one - leads to physical impairments - 27STRESS SOURCES CatastrophesAssociated with - loss and harm
Stressors occurring on a mass level
Types: ► Natural (e.g. floods, bushfires, earthquakes, tsunamis) ► Human (e.g. war, conflict) - 28STRESS SOURCES Daily HasslesIrritating, frustrating, distressing everyday demands
- 29STRESS PHYSIOLOGY How stress affects us PHYSIOLOGYFight or Flight (Cannon, 1932)
Autonomic nervous system mobilises organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy
Not so adaptive in the modern world for humans
Modern day - you cant fight your boss, you want to keep your job so you can't run away (flight)
So we end up in prolonged state of stress or state of enduring physiological arousal - 30STRESS PHYSIOLOGY General Adaptation Syndrome: A model of body’s stress responses, consisting of 3 stages: What are they? Why do we go through these stages?We cant fight or flight and are left in a prolonged state of stress, so we go through these stages.
ALARM
Recognition of threat
Heightened physiological arousal
RESISTANCE
Stress continues
Physiological changes stabilise as coping begins
If stress is prolonged for too long, leads to - EXHAUSTION
Resources are limited Physiological arousal decreases
Resistance reduced Can lead to collapse
Stress responses are non-specific
meaning: doesnt matter how minor or major the stress is you will do through these stages - same response irrespective of type of stressor. - 31STRESS PHYSIOLOGY General Adaptation Syndrome: A model of body’s stress responses, consisting of 3 stages: What is the Resistance level?Stages of syndrome
- 32STRESS & COPING Problem-focused copingMore productive - (eg: just do uni work)
Deal with the stressor itself
► Efforts to change the situation
► Problem solving: remove stressor, resolve situation, seek advice - 33STRESS & COPING Emotional-focused copingLess productive - not dealing with stressor (drink wine when feeling stressed)
► Efforts to alter thoughts
► Efforts to alter unpleasant emotional consequences of stress - 34STRESS & PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH What PROBLEMS has stress been found to be associated with?► poor academic/occupational performance
► burnout
► insomnia & other sleep disturbances
► sexual difficulties
► alcohol/drug abuse - 35STRESS & PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH What Psychological disorders has stress been found to be associated with?►depression
► schizophrenia
► anxiety disorders
► eating disorders - 36STRESS & PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder attributed to?Enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event
► Seen in victims, survivors, witnesses, as well as rescue workers
► Symptoms: nightmares, flashbacks, emotional numbing, alienation, disrupted social relations, vulnerability, anxiety, anger, guilt - 37STRESS & PHYSICAL HEALTH What is the difference between type A & type B personalities?Type A: ► strong competitive orientation
► impatience & time urgency
► anger & hostility
►leads to heart disease
Type B: ► relaxed, patient, & easy-going
The more angry you are the greater risk of heart disease! - 38STRESS & PHYSICAL HEALTH How does Stress affect our Immune Functioning?Immune response is the body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances.
Stressors such as crowding, shock, lack of food & restraint reduce immune functioning in animals
Lines up with the resistance faze
Stress and the common cold - the more stressed you are the more likely you were to become sick from nasal drops - 39STRESS SOCIAL SUPPORT What can we do to prevent these effects from occurring?Talk to friends
The presence of others
► in whom one can confide
► from whom one can expect help & concern - 40STRESS SOCIAL SUPPORT What are the Two hypotheses for why we feel better after speaking with someone about our stresses?Two hypotheses:
► Buffering hypothesis - The stress isnt gone its just lessened cuz we feel like friend is like a buffer and reduces impact on persons health
► Direct effects hypothesis - social support actually lessens stress. - 41What is STRESS OPTIMISM?►More likely to seek social support
►More positive appraisals of stressful events
►Stress dealt with in more adaptive ways
►Enhanced immune functioning
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- 41 Flashcards from Week 8 lecture in 1002PSY
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- Emma Taurere
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