Karteikarten
Practical 2
Karten in diesem Stapel (89)
- 1—Temporalis:
Elevation and retraction; lateral and medial excursion of the mandible - 2—Masseter:
Elevation of the mandible, with smaller roles in protraction, retraction, and lateral and medial excursion
- 3—Orbicularis Oculi:
Sphincter of the eyelids, close eye in blinking, squinting, and sleep, aids inflow of tears across eye
- 4—Orbicularis Oris:
Encircles mouth, closes lips, protrudes lips as in kissing, uniquely developed in humans for speech.
- 5—Levator Palperbrae Superioris:
Elevates upper eyelids, Opens eye
- 6—Platysma:
Draws lower lip and angle of mouth downward in epressions of horror or surprise, may aid in opening mouth widely, tenses skin of the chin and neck
- 7—Internal Intercostals:
When scalenes fix rib 1, external intercostals elevate and protract rib 2-12, expanding the thoracic cavity and creating a partial vccum causing inflow of air, exercise a braking action during expiration so that expiration is not overly abrupt
- 8—Internal Intercostals:
In inspiration, the intercartilaginous part aids in elevating the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity, in expiration, the interosseous parts depresses and retracts the ribs, compressing the thoracic cavity and expelling air, the latter occurs only in forcwful expiration, not in relaxed breathing
- 9—Diaphragm:
Prime mover of inspiration (responsible for about two-thirds of air intake), contracts in preparation for sneezing, coughing, crying, laughing, and weight lifting, contraction compresses abdominal viscera and aids in childbirth and expulsion of urine and feces
- 10—Rectus Abdominus:
Flexes waist, as in bending forward or doing sit-ups, stabilizes pelvic region during walking, and compresses abdominal viscera
- 11—External Abdominal Obliques:
Supports abdominal viscera against pull of gravity, stablilize vertebral column during heavy lifting, maintains posture, compresses abdominal organs, thus aiding in deep breathing, loud vocalizations such as singing and public speaking, and in expulsion of abdominopelvic contents during childbirth, urination, defecation, and vomiting, unilateral contraction causes contralateral rotation of the spine, as in twisting at the waist.
- 12—Internal Abdominal Oblique:
Same as external oblique except that unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral rotation of waist
- 13—Transversus Abdominus:
Compresses abdominal contents, with same effects as external oblique, but does not contribute to movements of vertebral column
- 14—Linea Alba:
The tendons of the oblique and transverse muscles are aponeuroses- broad fibrous sheets that continue medially and inferiorly (Figs. 10.15 and 10.16). At the rectus abdominis, they diverge and pass around its anterior and posterior sides, enclosing the muscle in a vertical sleeve called the RECTUS SHEATH. They meet again at a median line called the LINEA ALBA between the rectus muscles. Another line, the LINEA SEMILUNARIS, marks the lateral boundary where the rectus sheath meets the aponeurosis. The aponeurosis of the external oblique also forms a cordlike INGUINAL LIGAMENT at its inferior margin. This extends obliquely from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the pubis. The linea alba, linea semilunaris, and inguinal ligament are externally visible on a person with good muscle definition
- 15—Sternocleidomastoid:
Unilateral action tilts head slightly upward and toward the opposite side, as in looking over one’s contralateral shoulder. The most common action is probably rotating the head to the left or to the right. Bilateral action draws the head straight forward and down, as when eating or reading. Aids in deep breathing when head is fixed.
Origin:
-Manubrium of sternum, medial one- third of clavicle
- Mastoid process, lateral half of superior nuchal line
Insertion:
Accessory nerve, Spinal nerves C2-C4
- 16—Scalenes:
Unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral flexion or contralateral rotation (tilts head toward same shoulder, or rotates face away), depending on action of other muscles. Bilateral contraction flexes neck. If spine is fixed, scalenes elevated ribs 1-2 and aid in breathing.
- 17—Digastric:
Depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed, opens mouth widely as when ingesting food or yawning, elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed
- 18—Stylohyoid:
Elevates and retracts hyoid elongating floor of mouth, roles in speech, chewing and swallowing are not yet clearly understood
Origin:
-Styloid process of temporal bone
- Hyoid bone
Insertion:
Trigeminal Nerve
- 19—Mylohyoid:
Spans mandible from side to side and forms floor of mouth, Elevates floor of mouth in intial stage of swallowing
Origin:
- Mylohyoid line near inferior magin
- Hyoid bone
Insertion:
Trigeminal nerve
- 20—Sternohyoid:
Depresses hyoid after it has been elevated
Origin:
-Manubrium of sternum, medial end of clavicle
- Hyoid bone
Insertion:
Ansa cervicalis
- 21—Sternothyroid:
Depresses larynx after it has been elevated in swallowing and vocalization
- 22—Thyrohyoid:
Depresses hyoid, with hyoid fixed, elevates larynx as in singing high notes
- 23—Omohyoid:
Depresses hyoid after it has been elevated
- 24—Iliocostalis:
Deep to these is a prominent muscle, the erector spinae, which runs vertically for the entire length of the back from the cranium to the sacrum. It is a thick muscle, easily palpated on each side of the vertebral column in the lumbar region. ( pork chops T bones stakes are cut from erector spinae muscles.) As it ascends, it divides in the upper lumbar region into three parallel colums ( Fig. 10.18 and 10.19). the most lateral of these is the ILIOCOSTALIS, which from inferior to superior is divided into the , ILIOCOSTALIS LUMBORUM, ILIOCOSTALIS THORACIS, and ILIOCOSTALIS CERVICIS (Lumbar, thoracic, and cervical regions).
- 25—Longissimus:
Divided from inferior to superior into the longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus capitis (thoracic, cervical and cephalic regions)
- 26—Spinalis:
divided into spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis. The functions of all three columns are sufficiently similar that we will treat them collectively as the erector spinae.
- 27—Rhomboideus Major:
Retracts scapula and braces shoulder, fixes scapula during arm movments
- 28—Rhomboideus Minor:
Retracts scapula and braces shoulder, fixes scapula during arm movments
- 29—Levator Scapulae:
Elevates scapula if cervical vertebrae are fixed, flexes neck laterally if scapula is fixed, retracts scapula and braces shoulder, rotates scapula and depresses apex of shoulder
- 30—Trapezius:
Stabilizes scapula and shoulder during arm movements, elevates and depresses apex of shoulder, acts with other muscles to rotate and retract scapula( see roles in head and neck movements in table 10.3)
- 31—Serratus Anterior:
With pectorals minor, draws scapula laterally and forward around chest wall, protects scapula, and is the prime mover in all forward-reaching and pushing actions, aids in rotating scapula to elevate apex of shoulders, fixes scapula during abduction of arm
- 32—Pectoralis Minor:
With serratus anterior, draws scapula laterally and forward around chest wall, with other muscles, rotates scapula and depresses apex of shoulder, as in reaching down to pick up a suitcase
Origin:
- Ribs 3-5 and overlying fascia
- Coracoid process of scapula
Insertion:
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves
- 33—Coracobrachialis:
Flexes and medially rotates arm, resists deviation of arm from frontal plane during abduction
Origin:
- Coraciod process
- Medial aspect of humeral shaft
Insertion:
Musculocutaneous
- 34—Brachialis:
Prime mover of elbow flexion
Origin:
- Anterior surface of distal half of humerus
- Coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna
Insertion:
Musculocutaneous Nerve, radial nerve
- 35—Biceps Brachii:
Rapid or forceful supination of forearm,synergist in elbow flexion slight shoulder flextion, tendon of long head stabilizes shoulder by holding humeral head against glenoid cavity
Origin:
- Long head, superior margin of glenoid cavity
- Short head, coracoid process
- Tuberosity of radius, fascia of forearm
Insertion:
Musculocutaneous
- 36—Triceps Brachii:
Extends elbow, longhead extends and adducts humerus
Origin:
- Long head, inferior margin of glenoid cavity and joint capsule
- Lateral head, posterior surface of proximal end of humerus
- Medial head, posterior surface of entire humeral shaft
- Olecranon, fascia of forearm
Insertion:
Radial nerve
- 37—Supraspinatus:
Aids deltoid in abduction for arm, resists downward slippage of humeral head when arm is relaxed of when carrying weight
- 38—Infraspinatus:
Modulates action of deltoid, preventing humeral head from sliding upward, rotates humerus laterally
- 39—Teres Minor:
Modulates action of deltoid, preventing humeral head from sliding upward as arm is abducted, rotates humerus laterally
- 40—Pectoralis Major:
Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates humerus, as in climbing or hugging, aids in deep inspiration
Origin:
- Medial half of clavicle , lateral margin of sternum, costal cartilages 1-7, aponeurosis of external oblique
- Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Insertion:
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves
- 41—Latissimus Dorsi:
Adducts and medially rotates humerus, extends the shoulder joint as in pulling on the oars of a rowboat, produces backwards swing of arm in such actions as walking and bowling, with hands grasping overhead objects, pulls body forward and upward, as climbing, aids in deep inspiration, sudden expiration such as sneezing and coughing, and prolonged forceful expiration as in sining or blowing a sustained not on wind instrument
- 42—Teres Major:
Extends and medially rotates humerus, contributes to arm swinging
- 43—Subscapularis:
Aids deltoid in abduction of arms, resists downward slippage of humeral head when arms is relaxed or when carrying weight
- 44—Deltoid:
Anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm, lateral fibers abduct arm, posterior fibers extend and laterally rotat arm, involved in arm swining during such actions as walking or blowing, and in adjustment of hand height for various manual tasks
Origin:
- Acromion and spine of scapula, clavicle
- Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Insertion:
Axillary nerve
- 45—Pronator Teres:
Assists pronator quadratus in pronation, but only in rapid or forceful action, weakly flexes elbow
- 46—Flexor Carpi Radialis:
Flexes wrist anteriorly, aids in radial flexion of wrist
- 47—Palmaris Longus:
Anchors skin and fascia of palmar region, resists shearing forces when stress is applied to skin by such actions as climbing and tool use. Weakly developed and sometimes absent
- 48—Flexor Carpi Ulnaris:
Flexes wrist anteriorly, aids in ulnar flexion of wrist
- 49—Flexor Digitorum Superficialis:
Flexes wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalanngeal joints depending on action of other muscles
- 50—Flexor Digitorum Profundus:
Flexes wrist, metacarpophlangeal, and interphalangeal joints, sole flexor of the distal interphalangeal joints
- 51—Flexor Pollicis Longus:
Flexes phalanges of thumb
- 52—Pronator Quadratus:
Prime mover of forarm pronation also resists separation of radius and ulna when force is applied to forearm through wrist, as in doing push-ups
- 53—Brachioradialis:
Flexes elbow
- 54—Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus:
Extends wrist, aids in radial flexion of wrist
- 55—Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis:
Extends wrist, aids in radial flexion of wrist
- 56—Extensor Digitorum:
Extend wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints, tends to spread digits apart when extending metacarpophalangeal joints
- 57—Extensor Carpi Ulnaris:
Extends and fixes wrist when fist is clenched or hand grips an object, aids in ulnar flexion of wrist
- 58—Supinator:
Supinates forearm
- 59—Anconeus:
Extends elbow, may help to control ular movment during pronation
- 60—Abductor Pollicis Longus:
Abducts thumb in forntal (palmar) plane (radial Abduction), extends thumb at carpometacarpal joint
- 61—Extensor Pollicis Longus:
Extends distal phalanx 1, aids in extending proximal phalanx 1 and metacarpal 1, adducts and laterally rotates thumb
- 62—Extensor Pollicis Brevis:
Extends metacarpal 1 and proximal Phalanx of thumb
- 63—Gluteus Minimus:
Abduct and medially rotate thigh, during walking, shift weight of trunk toward limb with foot on the ground as other foot is lifted
- 64—Gluteus Medius:
Abduct and medially rotate thigh, during walking, shift weight of trunk toward limb with foot on the ground as other foot is lifted
- 65—Gluteus Maximus:
Extends thigh at hip as in stair climbing
(Rising to next step) or running and walking (backswing of limb), abducts thigh, elevates trunk after stooping, prevents trunk from pitching forward during walking and running, helps stabilize femur on tibia
- 66—Tensor Fasciae Lantae:
Extends knee, laterally rotates tibia, aids in abduction and medial rotation of femur, during standing steadies pelvis on femoral head and steadies femoral condyles on tibia
- 67—Psoas Major:
Flexes thigh at hip when trunk is fixed, flexes trunk at hip when thigh is flexed, as in bending forward in a chair or sitting up in bed, balances trunk during sitting.
- 68—Iliopsoas:
Most muscles that act on the femur originate on the hipbone. The two-principl anterior muscles are the iliacus, which most of the broad iliac fossa of the pelvis, and the PSOAS MAJOR, a thick rounded muscle that arises mainly from the lumbar vertebrae (Fig. 10.32). Collectively, they are called the ILIOPSOAS and share a common tendon to the femur
- 69—Iliacus:
Flexes thigh at hip when trunk is fixed, flexes trunk at hip when thigh is flexed, as in bending forward in a chair or sitting up in bed, balances trunk during sitting.
- 70—Pectineus:
Flexes and adducts thighs
- 71—Adductor Brevis:
Adducts thigh
- 72—Adductor Longus:
Adducts and medially rotates thigh, flexes thigh at hip
- 73—Adductor Magnus:
Adducts and medially rotates thighs, extends thigh at hip
- 74—Gracilis:
Flexes and medially rotates tibia at knee
- 75—Vastus Intermedius:
Extends knee
Origin:
- Anterior and lateral surfaces of femoral shaft
- See quadriceps femoris above
Insertion:
Femoral nerve
- 76—Vastus Lateralis:
Extends knee, retains patella in groove on femur during knee movments
Origin:
- Femur at greater trochanter and intertrochanteric line, gluteal tuberosity, and linea aspera
- See quadriceps femoris above (358)
Insertion:
Femoral nerve
- 77—Vastus Medialis:
Same as vastus lateralis
Origin:
- Femur at intertrochanteric line, spiral line, linea aspera, and medial supracondylar line
- See quadriceps femoris above
Insertion:
Femoral nerve
- 78—Rectus Femoris:
Extends knee, flexes thigh at hip, flexes trunk on hip if thigh is flxed
Origin:
- Illium at anterior inferior spine and superior margin of acetabulum, capsule of hip joint
- See quadriceps femoris above
Insertion:
Femoral nerve
- 79—Sartorius:
Aids in knee and hip flexion, as in sitting or climbing, abducts and laterally rotates thigh
Origin:
- On and near anterior superior spine of ilium
- Medial surface of proximal end of tibia
Insertion:
Femoral nerve
- 80—Biceps Femoris:
Flexes knee, extends hip, elevates trunk from stooping posture, laterally rotates tibia on femur when knee is flexed, laterally rotates femur when hip is extended, counteracts forward bending at hips
Origin:
- Long head, ischial tuberosity short head, linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
- Head of fibula
Insertion:
Tibial nerve
- 81—Semimembranosus:
Same as semitendinosus
Origin:
- Ischial tuberosity
- Medial condyle and nearby margin of tibia, intercondylar line and lateral condyle of femur, ligament of popliteal region
Insertion:
Tibial nerve
- 82—Semitendinosus:
Flexes knee, medially rotates tibia on femur when knee is flexed, medially rotates femur when hip is extended, counteracts forward bending at hips
Origin:
- Ischial Tuberosity
- Medial surface of upper tibia
Insertion:
Tibial nerve
- 83—Tibialis Anterior:
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot, resists backwards tipping of body (as when standing on a moving boat deack), helps support medial longitudinal arch of foot.
Origin:
- Lateral condyle and lateral margin of proximal half of tibia, interosseous membrane
- Medial cuneiform, metatarsal 1
Insertion:
Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
- 84—Extensor Digitorum Longus:
Extends toes, dorsiflexes foot, tautens plantar aponeurosis
- 85—Extensor Hallucis Longus:
Extends great toe, dorsiflexes foot
- 86—Fibularis Brevis:
Maintains concavity of sole during toe-off and tiptoeing may evert foot and limit inversion and help steady leg on foot
- 87—Fibularis Longus:
Maintains concavity of sole during toe-off and tiptoeing, everts and plantar flexes foot - 88—Soleus:
Plantar flexes foot, steadies leg on ankle during standing.
Origin:
- Posterior surface of head and proximal one-fourth of fibula, middle one-third of tibia, interosseous, membrane
- Calcaneus
Insertion:
Tibial nerve
- 89—Gastrocnemius:
Plantar flexes foot flexes knee, active in walking, running, and jumping
Origin:
- Condyles, popliteal surface, and lateral supracondylar line of femur, capsule of knee joint
- Calcaneus
Insertion:
Tibial nerve
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- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am Practical 2, erstellt von Brianna Isenberg am 30/10/2017.
- Erstellt von
- Brianna Isenberg
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