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PYB204 Exam

Kelsey Bowman PYB204 Englisch 179 Karten

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  1. 1What is sound caused by?A change in air pressure
  2. 2What does amplitude (dB) measure?Loudness
  3. 3What does frequency (Hz) measure?Pitch
  4. 4Do high frequency sounds have more or less waves in a cycle?More
  5. 5What is the human hearing range for pitch?20 - 20000 Hz
  6. 6What is our typical vocal range for pitch?80 - 1100 Hz
  7. 7What is the lowest frequency component of a complex sound called?The fundamental
  8. 8In a harmonic sound, what would be the next integer for a fundamental of 440 Hz?880 Hz
  9. 9Which part of the ear increases sound amplitude and helps determine the direction from where a sound is coming?The pinna
  10. 10Which part of the ear provides protection and increases sound amplitude?The external auditory canal
  11. 11Which part of the ear vibrates in response to sound waves and moves bones in the middle ear?The eardrum
  12. 12What do the ossicles do?Transmit the vibration of the eardrum (with some amplification) into the cochlea through lever actions ​and provide protection against high amplitude sounds​
  13. 13Which mechanisms convert vibrations into neural signals?Hair cells
  14. 14Which tasks cannot be performed without the auditory cortex present?Discriminating the pattern of several tones
    Discriminating the duration of sounds​
    Localising sounds in space​
  15. 15What happens when auditory nerves are stimulated at different cochlea locations?Sounds are perceived in a different pitch
  16. 16How are sounds with a missing fundamental perceived?The missing fundamental is "filled in" and perceived as it would be if the fundamental was there
  17. 17Where does pitch perception start to be encoded?In the structures beyond the cochlear nucleus
  18. 18What is the human auditory range for loudness?0 - 120 dB
  19. 19What is the onset difference?The difference of time in which the sound reaches each ear
  20. 20What is the phase difference?The difference between the phase that the sound is in when it reaches each ear
  21. 21Is the phase difference better at detecting the location of low or high frequency sounds?Low
  22. 22Is the interaural intensity difference better at detecting the location of low or high frequency sounds?High
  23. 23Do humans perceive the location of sounds better from horizontal or vertical directions?Horizontal
  24. 24What is the cone of confusion?The theoretical cone the surrounds the space where a sound is perceived to have come from - it is difficult to decipher exactly where the sound comes from within that space.
  25. 25What are the two cues for auditory distance perception?Loudness and the energy ratio of direct and reverberant sound
  26. 26Is auditory distance perception usually underestimated or overestimated by humans?Underestimated
  27. 27What is the McGurk Effect?When your visual perception overrides your auditory perception and you hear what your eyes tell you you should hear
  28. 28What is sound-induced flash illusion?Where two flashes are perceived but only one is presented when two beeps are presented rather than one
  29. 29What is change blindness?The inability to notice salient changes in a visual scene
  30. 30Are we more likely to detect semantic or non-semantic changes in visual stimuli?Semantic
  31. 31What are the two types of representations formed when perceiving a visual scene?The meaning of the scene and the surface properties of the scene
  32. 32What is the filter theory?That sensory information has to pass through some bottleneck and only some of the sensory information is selected for further processing
  33. 33What is the attenuation theory?Salience of unattended stimuli is reduced, but they are not filtered out entirely​
  34. 34Which is the most well-supported theory of attentional selection?The attenuation theory
  35. 35What is feature integration theory?The theory that people must focus attention on a stimulus before they can synthesize its features into a pattern​
  36. 36Does IQ better measure innate endowment or acquired ability?Innate endowment
  37. 37What is crystalised intelligence?Acquired knowledge
  38. 38What is fluid intelligence?Ability to reason or solve problems
  39. 39What is factor analysis?A statistical method that tries to find a set of factors that will account for performance across a range of tests
  40. 40What are the three factors of intelligence?Reasoning, verbal and spatial
  41. 41What are people with high verbal ability able to do more quickly than those with low verbal ability?Retrieve the meaning of words and have large working memory for verbal information​
  42. 42What is cognitive psychology?The science of how the mind is organised to produce intelligent thought and how the human mind is realised in the brain.
  43. 43What are the characteristics of a patient with Williams Syndrome?- difficulty in processing visuospatial information, however can learn repeated routes as normal
    - Brain structures that are critical for the response-based system are not affected
  44. 44What does nativism say about where knowledge comes from?Knowledge is innate
  45. 45What does empiricism say about where knowledge comes from?Knowledge is acquired through experience
  46. 46How does structuralism study the human mind?By analysing the mind into primitive components
  47. 47How does functionalism study the human mind?By understanding what the mind does in response to stimuli
  48. 48How does behaviourism study the human mind?By studying input-output association
  49. 49According to the Sternberg Paradigm, how does response time vary according to how many stimulus are presented?Systematically, with each additional stimulus taking a further 38ms to perceive
  50. 50Which disciplines does cognitive science integrate research efforts from?Psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, linguistics and computer science
  51. 51What is parsing?The process by which words in a message are transformed into a mental representation of the combined meaning of the words
  52. 52What are constituents (in the context of parsing)?Subpatterns that correspond to basic phrases, or units, in a sentence's structure
  53. 53How are sentences processed?The meaning is processed one phrase at a time and a phrase is only accessed while processing its meaning
  54. 54What is the principal of minimal attachment?One interprets a sentence in a way that causes minimal complication of its phrase structure​
  55. 55Which two syntactic cues are used to interpret a sentence?Word order and inflectional structure
  56. 56What is interactive processing?Where syntactic and semantic cues are simultaneously processed
  57. 57What is utilization?A stage of language comprehension in which people use the meaning of a sentence to arrive at a deeper understanding of the sentence
  58. 58What are backward inferences?Inferences in sentence comprehension that connect the sentence to prior context
  59. 59What are forward inferences?Inferences in sentence comprehension that anticipate things not yet asserted
  60. 60Do forward or backward inferences take longer to comprehend?Forward
  61. 61Which question are people more likely to answer 'yes' to? Did you see a broken headlight? OR Did you see the broken headlight?Did you see THE broken headlight
  62. 62How are syntactic cues used to interpret pronouns?It is assumed that the names and pronouns that refer to each other appear in sequential order
  63. 63How are semantic cues used to interpret pronouns?The meaning of the sentence is used to interpret who is being referred to
  64. 64Do negative sentences take more or less time to process?More
  65. 65What did Clarke and Chase hypothesize that the three processes involved in processing negative sentences are?T: processing of base supposition
    M: processing of mismatch between supposition and picture
    N: processing of negation
  66. 66What are the types of relations in text processing?Response, specific, explanation, evidence, sequence, cause, goal, collection.
  67. 67What is the effect of textual material on memory?Memory is sensitive to the hierarchical and causal structure of that text and tends to be better when people attend to that structure
  68. 68What is a bridging inference?Where two propositions that are further apart in the text need to be related to each other - longer processing time
  69. 69How long does sensory memory last?Less than 1 second
  70. 70How long do short term (or working) memories last?1 - 10 seconds
  71. 71How long do long term memories last?More than 10 seconds
  72. 72What is the function of sensory memory?Registers information about the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time
  73. 73How many letters can one recall when presented with 12 numbers for 50 ms?3 - 6
  74. 74What effect does delay have on the ability to recall letters that have been presented for 50 ms?Less letters are able to be recalled
  75. 75What is the masking effect?When visual or auditory white noise decreases performance when presented in the same sensory modality
  76. 76What is iconic memory and how long does it last?Visual sensory memory, lasts around 1 second
  77. 77What is echoic memory and how long does it last?Auditory sensory memory, lasts around 8 seconds
  78. 78What is Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) theory on short-term memory?Proposed that as information rehearsed its limited-capacity short-term memory, it is deposited in long-term memory
  79. 79How many items can short-term memory process at a timeAround 7
  80. 80What issues does damage to the medial-temporal lobe cause?Severe impairment to long-term memory but no issue with short-term memory
  81. 81What is the episodic buffer in Baddeley's theory of working memory?A temporary holding system for the visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop and long-term memory
  82. 82What does the central executive do in working memory?Processes information
  83. 83What is declarative memory?Memory for facts and events that you can explicitly remember
  84. 84What is non-declarative memory?Memories that you cannot explicitly retrieve (e.g. how to ride a bike)
  85. 85What is the most effective way to encode memory?To process it in a deep and meaningful manner
  86. 86True or false: intention to learn has more of an impact than method of processingFalse - intention to learn does not impact recall ability
  87. 87What happens when the temporal lobe is stimulated with electric impulses?People are able to recall memories which they normally are not able to
  88. 88True or false: Some evidence can be found of the existence of memories which are unable to be recalledTrue
  89. 89True or false: The exact recall of a passage is more difficult when there is no delayFalse
  90. 90What is plausible recall?Where the recall is not exactly correct but is a plausible explanation of events
  91. 91What is source confusion?Where people confuse what they actually observed about an incident with what they learned from other sources
  92. 92What is procedural memory?The implicit knowledge about how to perform tasks
  93. 93Are amnesic patients better at recalling words or completing a word that has previously been learned?Completing a word that has previously been learned
  94. 94What is priming?An enhancement of the processing of a stimulus as a function of prior exposure - takes place without conscious awareness
  95. 95What are the features of problem solving?Goal directedness and sub-goal decomposition
  96. 96What is a problem space?An abstrace space that represents all of the possible states of the problem
  97. 97What are problem states?A representation of the problem in some degree of solution
  98. 98What is an operator?An action that will transform the problem state into another problem state
  99. 99What are the 3 ways to acquire new operators?Instruction, discovery and analogy
  100. 100Are non-human primates able to imitate behaviour in order to problem solve?Yes - rhesus monkeys imitating peer - order of picture selection
  101. 101What are the 3 criteria for selecting operators?1. Backup avoidance
    2. Difference reduction
    3. Means-ends analysis
  102. 102What is backup avoidance?The tendency to avoid operators that take one back to a state already visited
  103. 103What is difference reduction?The tendency to select operators that eliminate a difference between the current state and the goal state
  104. 104What is a difficulty with difference reduction?People tend to experience difficulty in solving a problem at points where the correct solution involves increasing the differences between the current state and the goal state.
  105. 105What is means-ends analysis?Creates a new subgoal to enable an operator to apply - identifies the biggest difference between the current state and the goal state and try to eliminate it first.
  106. 106What issues would patients with prefrontal damage have with solving the Tower of Hanoi problem?Difficulty in making backwards moves as they cannot maintain the goal in working memory very well
  107. 107What is an issue with inappropriate problem representation?It prevents us from using an appropriate analogy
  108. 108What is functional fixedness?The tendency to represent objects as serving conventional problem-solving functions and thus failing to see that they can serve novel functions
  109. 109What are set effects?The biasing of a solution to a problem as a result of past experiences solving that type of problem
  110. 110What are incubation effects?The phenomenon that sometimes solutions to a particular problem come easier after a period of time in which one has ignored trying to solve the problem - occur because people forget inappropriate ways of solving the problem
  111. 111What are insight problems?Where people fail to see that they are close to the solution
  112. 112What is Fechner's law?If a Weber fraction is constant for a given stimulus dimension, then the mind might use the Weber fraction as a unit for perceiving that stimulus dimension - asserts that our psychological experience of the intensity of a stimulus tends to change less quickly than the actual change in stimulus intensity
  113. 113What is the method of constant stimuli?Where a set of stimuli are constructed with magnitudes ranging from above to below the presumed threshold value and stimuli are presented a number of times in random order - participant responds whether they head them or not and plot the proportion of detections at each magnitude
  114. 114What is the threshold taken to be in the method of constant stimuli?The magnitude at which the stimulus is detected 50% of the time
  115. 115What are the advantages of the method of constant stimuli?Allows the shape of the psychometric function to be established and provides an accurate estimate of the threshold
  116. 116What are the disadvantages of the method of constant stimuli?- Requires pre-testing to accurately estimate the threshold
    - Wastes a lot of trials which lie far from the threshold (time-consuming)
    - It is difficult to measure changes in threshold over brief time periods
  117. 117What is the method of limits?A method which uses ascending and descending series of trials - stimulus intensity increased/decreased in small steps until participants can no longer detect, then reversed to the lowest/highest intensity
  118. 118How is the threshold measures in the method of limits?The threshold is the average of the limits from each of the ascending and descending runs
  119. 119What are the advantages of the method of limits?- More efficient than the method of constant stimuli
    - Still reasonably accurate in determining the threshold
  120. 120What are the disadvantages of the method of limits?- Many trials still wasted
    - Participate may habituate and thus overshoot the threshold
    - The overall shape of the psychometric function cannot be derived
  121. 121What is the staircase procedure?A linked series of ascending and descending runs with each successive run being based on the outcome of the preceding run - Stimulus presented in ascending or descending order, when stimulus is not detected - reverse one step
  122. 122How is the threshold measured in the staircase procedure?The average of the intensities where stimulus not detected
  123. 123What are the advantages of the staircase procedure?- Even more efficient than the method of limits
    - Can be modified in a number of ways to overcome limitations
  124. 124What are the disadvantages of the staircase procedure?- Estimation of the threshold tends to require more complex calculations, making it less intuitive
  125. 125How can habituation be addressed in the staircase procedure?By running multiple simultaneous trials
  126. 126What is considered a false alarm in signal detection?Where no signal is present, but one is detecting
  127. 127What is a miss in signal detection?When a signal is present but not detected
  128. 128What does d-prime measure?Sensitivity to signal detection
  129. 129What is perception?Awareness of the elements of the environment through physical sensation
  130. 130Ultraviolet and infrared light - which has short and which has long wavelengths?Ultraviolet = short
    Infrared = long
  131. 131Would light waves with great amplitude appear as a bright or dim light?Bright
  132. 132What is the function of the cornea?To protect other structures in the eye
  133. 133What is accommodation (in vision)?Where the ciliary muscles control the shape of the lens to accommodate near or far targets
  134. 134Where are the rods and cones?In the retina (back of the eye)
  135. 135Where is visual information most sharply focused?The fovea
  136. 136Describe rods- Long, thin and blunt
    - Highly sensitive to light, not colour
    - primarily for peripheral and night vision
  137. 137Describe cones- Short, thick and pointed
    - Detect colour
    - For colour vision and visual acuity
  138. 138Do more rods or cones synapse with each ganglion cell?Rods
  139. 139Which hemisphere is information from the right visual field processed in?Left hemisphere
  140. 140What are the two major neural pathways to the brain?- Retina --> LGN --> V1 (primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe)
    - Retina --> superior colliculus (SC) (and pulvinar nucleus)
  141. 141What function does the LGN --> V1 Pathway serve?Conscious aspects of vision (e.g. object recognition)
  142. 142What is the function of the SC pathway?Unconscious visual functions (e.g. object localisation)
  143. 143How would a person with damage to the LGN-V1 pathway react to a visual stimulus?They would be able to point to the stimulus but would not be able to see it
  144. 144What does an on-off cell detect in the visual field?A dark spot in an illuminated area - off-on cell detects the opposite
  145. 145What would an agnosia patient's response be if you asked them to identify a combination lock?Might think it is a telephone - can identify individual components of the object but cannot put them together
  146. 146What information does the ventral pathway process?Information about object appearance and identity - important for object perception
  147. 147What information does the dorsal pathway process?Spatial information about objects - important for guiding action
  148. 148Which lobe does the ventral pathway transmit information to?Temporal lobe
  149. 149Which lobe does the dorsal pathway transmit information to?The parietal lobe
  150. 150If a patient with agnosia was given a card to put into a slot, would the patient have more trouble putting the card in the slot (at any angle) or rotating the card (away from the slot) the match the orientation of the slot?Rotating the card
  151. 151What is optic ataxia?Intact object recognition but inability to use visual information to guide action
  152. 152Where are lesions located in patients with optic ataxia?Dorsal pathway
  153. 153What are the 4 Gestalt principles?Similarity, closure, good continuation and proximity
  154. 154What is the template-matching model?Where the sensory input is matched to a "template" stored in the brain
  155. 155What is feature analysis?Where a visual pattern is perceived as a combination of elemental features
  156. 156What is Selfridge's Pandemonium Model?Image demon processes signal, feature demons process specific features (e.g. vertical lines), cognitive demons respond to certain combinations features, and decision demon selects most accurate combination
  157. 157What is recognition-by-component theory?An object is first segmented into a set of basic sub-objects (called geons) and then recognised as a pattern composed of geons
  158. 158Is it more difficult to detect and object presented for a short amount of time where one component is missing or where separate segments of the object are deleted?Where separate segments are deleted
  159. 159What is the "grandmother cell" hypothesisThat we have certain cells that recognise certain faces
  160. 160What are the weaknesses of the grandmother cell hypothesis?- If the neuron recognising a certain face is lost, our ability to recognise that face would also be lost
    - perception of novel objects cannot be explained well
    - Flexibility of object recognition cannot be explained well
  161. 161Is there any support for the grandmother cell theory?Yes - but it is likely that object recognition results from firing of an ensemble of cells
  162. 162What is the word-superiority effect?Superior recognition of letters in a word context than alone - indicates top-down influence on pattern recognition
  163. 163What is the phoneme-restoration effect?Where a tone placed over part of a word - word is still able to be made out
  164. 164What are the four areas where human irrationality is often found?- Reasoning about conditionals
    - Reasoning about quantifiers
    - Reasoning about probabilities
    - Decision making
  165. 165What type of reasoning is used where conclusions can be determined to follow with certainty from the premises?Deductive reasoning
  166. 166What is a conditional statement?If an antecedent is true, then a consequent must be true
  167. 167What does the Wason selection task show?That when presented with neutral material, people have particular difficulty in recognising the importance of exploring the negation of the consequent
  168. 168What is the permission schema?The performance on a task such as the Wason selection task can be improved when the material has meaningful content
  169. 169Why do we perform so poorly on the original Wason selection task?People tend to select cards that will be informative under a probabilistic model, not a strict logical model
  170. 170In a car park, where every car that has a broken head light also has a broken tail light, would it be better to adopt a probabilistic or logical model?Probabilistic - e.g., checking a car with a broken headlight and car with a broken tail light, we can make a reasonable inference that the statement is correct - it would be impractical to check every car with intact tail lights to disprove the statement
  171. 171What is prior probability?The probability that a hypothesis is true before consideration of the evidence
  172. 172What is posterior probability?The probability that a hypothesis is true after consideration of the evidence
  173. 173What needs to be taken into account to calculate posterior probability?- Prior probability (base rate)
    - Evidence
    - Reliability of evidence
  174. 174What is base-rate neglect?Where people fail to take into account the base rate when making probability judgments
  175. 175If a test for a certain cancer is 95% accurate, and the chances of having this cancer is 1 in 10,000, what chances would a person who tested positive to the test believe they have of having the cancer?95% (However, they fail to take into account that only 1 in 10,000 people have the cancer - meaning the chances of having the cancer with a positive result is only 0.19%)
  176. 176Why would participants be more likely to say that there are more words in the English language starting with K than there are with K as the third letter?Because it is easier to think of words that start with K - we are biased in our estimates when we must rely on factors such as memory and similarity judgments
  177. 177What is subjective utility in decision making?The subjective value that someone places on something - i.e. chance of loss/gain
  178. 178What are framing effects in decision making?The tendency to make difference choices among the same alternatives, depending on the statement of the alternatives - e.g. getting a $5 discount off a $15 item seems larger than getting a $5 discount off a $125 item
  179. 179When do framing effects occur?When there is no clear basis for choice - in such situations, we tend to make a decision not on the basis of what is actually the best but on which decision we are better able to justify

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PYB204 Karteikarten am PYB204 Exam, erstellt von Kelsey Bowman am 08/11/2017.
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Kelsey Bowman · Nov 2017
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