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Path Final

Carolyn Ferenz Englisch 198 Karten

A microglial cell arises from:

Karten in diesem Stapel (198)

  1. 1Which of the following are examples of labile cells? A. chondrocytes and osteoblasts B. epithelial cells of skin, hair and mucous membranes C. germinal epithelium of the ovary D. neurons and cardiac muscle cells E. renal proximal tubular cellsB. epithelial cells of skin, hair and mucous membranes
  2. 2Which of the following sequence of events is characteristic of an acute inflammatory response? A. Injury - increased vascular permeability - vasodilatation - PMNs and MNs - tissue damage. B. Tissue damage - vasodilatation - PMNs and MNs - increased vascular permeability - injury. C. Injury - vasodilatation - increased vascular permeability - PMNs and MNs - tissue damage. D. Tissue damage - PMNs and MNs - increased vascular permeability - vasodilatation - injury. E. Injury - tissue damage - vasodilatation - increased vascular permeability - PMNs and MNs.C. Injury - vasodilatation - increased vascular permeability - PMNs and MNs - tissue damage.
  3. 3Among the following, which is LEAST likely to found in a granuloma? A. caseous necrosis B. epithelioid cells C. fibroblasts D. lymphocytes E. neutrophilsE. neutrophils
  4. 4Which of the following conditions has metastatic calcification as a complication? A. Alzheimer's disease B. atherosclerosis C. colonic adenocarcinoma D. ulcerative colitis E. uremiaE. uremia
  5. 5Metaplasia is defined as: A. A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type (e.g.,chronic bronchitis). B. Decrease in the size of the cell by the loss of structural components (e.g., uterus in a postmenopausal woman). C. Epithelial or mesenchymal cells that undergo proliferation and alteration of cell size, shape, and orientation (e.g., HPV infection in the cervix). D. Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue (e.g., asthma). E. Increase in the size of cells due to the synthesis of more structural components (e.g., left ventricular wall enlargement due to system hypertension).A. A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type (e.g.,chronic bronchitis).
  6. 6Which type of necrosis is typically found in the lesions of acute rheumatic fever? A. caseous necrosis B. coagulative necrosis C. fat necrosis D. fibrinoid necrosis E. liquefactive necrosisD. fibrinoid necrosis
  7. 7The LATE collagen to appear in the process of wound healing (scar tissue) is type: A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. VA. I
  8. 8Which of the following conditions is often associated with dystrophic calcification? A. acute bronchopneumonia B. atherosclerosis C. brain infarct D. leukemia E. renal cell carcinomaB. atherosclerosis
  9. 9A microglial cell arises from:?A microglial cell arises from:
  10. 10Which cellular event is LEAST LIKELY to occur in ischemia? A. decreased pH B. decreased oxidative phosphorylation C. decreased protein synthesis D. influx of calcium E. infflux of sodiumE. infflux of sodium
  11. 11Neutrophils are functionally active in tissue for approximately: A. 2 hour B. 12 hours C. 24 - 48 hours D. 120 days E. 480 daysC. 24 - 48 hours
  12. 12The HIV infects helper T lymphocytes as opposed to cytotoxic T lymphocytes because: A. Cytotoxic T cells have potent antiviral properties. B. Helper T lymphocytes interact with B cells. C. Helper and cytotoxic T cells are infected equally by HIV. D. The CD4 molecule on cytotoxic T cells protects the cell from the virus. E. The CD4 molecule on helper T cells interacts with a surface component of the virus.E. The CD4 molecule on helper T cells interacts with a surface component of the virus.
  13. 13Which of the following mechanisms is involved in a type IV hypersensitivity reaction??Which of the following mechanisms is involved in a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
  14. 14Which statement is MOST LIKELY? A. Certain types of human cancer arise due to exposure to chemical carcinogens. B. In general, the risk of cancer decreases with age. C. Most benign tumors become malignant and metastasize. D. The term "carcinoma in-situ" refers to cancers that have invaded the underlying connective tissue and have metastasized. E. The term "tumor progression" refers to the tendency of cancers to become less aggressive and more well differentiated over time.A. Certain types of human cancer arise due to exposure to chemical carcinogens.
  15. 15Among the following, which is LEAST LIKELY to be an example of acquired immunodeficient condition? A. AIDS B. chronic alcohol use C. diabetes mellitus D. renal transplantation E. Thymic dysplasiaE. Thymic dysplasia
  16. 16A 65-year-old man who smoked two packs of cigarettes a day for 45 years develop’s in the hilum of the left lung. The patient's biopsy is interpreted by the pathologist as showing "well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.” Which of the following statements is MOST LIKELY regarding this lesion? A. It arose from mesenchymal cells. B. It is a benign neoplasm. C. It is composed predominantly of gland forming cells. D. It is highly anaplastic. E. If untreated, it is likely to behave very aggressively.E. If untreated, it is likely to behave very aggressively.
  17. 17Which pair of opportunistic organisms and common sites in HIV disease is CORRECTLY MATCHED? A. Candida – oral cavity B. CMV -- knee C. Cryptococcus neoformans -- urinary bladder D. Pneumocystis carinii - uterus E. Toxoplasma gondii – skeletal muscleA. Candida – oral cavity
  18. 18A 3-year-old child is diagnosed with severe combined immunodeficiency. She has a history of recurrent infections including bacterial, fungal and viral infections. The MOST LIKELY underlying defect is A. A decreased level of serum IgM and paracortical T-cells B. A deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase C. Adenosine deaminase deficiency D. An intrinsic B cell defect E. Thymic dysplasiaC. Adenosine deaminase deficiency
  19. 19Which statement is MOST LIKELY? A. Benign tumors can occasionally undergo hyperplasia. B. Carcinoma in-situ often progresses to invasive cancer. C. Dysplasia can lead to metaplasia. D. Proto-oncogenes promote cell death. E. Tumor suppresser genes normally act to promote cell proliferation.B. Carcinoma in-situ often progresses to invasive cancer.
  20. 20Which of the following is a benign neoplasm? A. hepatoma B. lymphoma C. melanoma D. nephroblastoma E. nevusE. nevus
  21. 21Which of the following viruses is associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma? A. CMV B. Epstein-Barr virus C. Herpes simplex I and II D. Human papillomavirus E. JC virusB. Epstein-Barr virus
  22. 22A 75-year-old man smoked two packs of cigarettes per day for 45 years and drank alcohol. Which of the following conditions would MOST LIKELY to occur in this man? A. bronchiectasis B. colon carcinoma C. esophageal squamous cell carcinoma D. hyaline arteriolosclerosis E. leiomyosarcoma of the stomachC. esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  23. 23Which statement is LEAST LIKELY? A. Adverse drug reactions account for over 5-10% of medical admissions in US hospitals. B. Most common cause of death in adults is heart disease. C. Pneumoconiosis is defined as lung diseases caused by the exhalation of fumes, vapors, or dusts. D. Radiation injury can lead to increased fertility. E. The most common cause of chronic metal poisoning in the United States is lead.D. Radiation injury can lead to increased fertility.
  24. 24The components of the complement system are synthesized by: A. endothelial cells B. fibroblasts C. hepatocytes D. lymphocytes E. monocytesC. hepatocytes
  25. 25Which of the following statements is MOST LIKELY? A. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process. B. Hepatitis B is associated with hepatic adenoma. C. The etiologies of the majority of cancers include only viruses. D. The most common malignant tumor in men is colon carcinoma. E. The most common malignant tumor leading to death in men is prostate cancer.A. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process.
  26. 26Which of the following statements regarding Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is LEAST LIKELY? A. EBV has a possible role in the etiology of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. B. EBV infects T-cells only. C. EBV is a DNA virus. D. EBV is the cause of infectious mononucleosis. E. EBV is responsible for hairy leukoplakia.B. EBV infects T-cells only.
  27. 27Human papillomavirus infection is: A. an important pathogen in both sexes who are sexually active. B. secreasing in women and men. C. found commonly in individuals who practice celibacy. D. known to cause condyloma in only women. E. the least common sexually transmitted pathogen.A. an important pathogen in both sexes who are sexually active.
  28. 28Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease: A. affects primarily elderly women. B. arises in Waldeyer’s ring. C. develops in the bone marrow. D. often involves mesenteric lymph nodes. E. spreads contiguously along lymph node chains.E. spreads contiguously along lymph node chains.
  29. 29A retired 78-year-old sandblaster developed a gradual shortness of breath. His chest x-ray showed bilateral interstitial fibrosis in the upper lobes. What is the MOST LIKELY etiology for this patient’s condition? A. asbestosis B. beryllium disease C. cigarette smoke D. lead poisoning E. silicosisE. silicosis
  30. 30A 32-year-old woman sustains a severe burn covering 20 per cent of her total body surface area involving her back. What would be the underlying complication that would occur within the first twenty-four hours after sustaining her injury? A. electrolyte and fluid derangements B. extensive fibrosis C. infection D. squamous cell carcinoma of the skin E. stricturesA. electrolyte and fluid derangements
  31. 31Among the following regarding a thrombus, which statement is MOST LIKELY? A. A mural thrombus in the left ventricular chamber can lead to a pulmonary embolus. B. A small thrombus compared to a large thrombus will undergo recanalization. C. A thrombus in the deep leg arteries can give rise to a pulmonary embolus. D. An embolus often arises from a pre-existing thrombus. E. An old thrombus will have lines of Zahn.D. An embolus often arises from a pre-existing thrombus.
  32. 32Which one of the following sites is LEAST LIKELY affected by atherosclerosis? A. abdominal aorta B. femoral artery C. inferior vena cava D. right coronary artery E. vertebral/basilar arteriesC. inferior vena cava
  33. 33A 56-year-old woman has has developed cirrhosis. Which of the following etiologies is MOST LIKELY? A. chronic arsenic poisoning B. chronic ethyl alcohol use C. chronic lead poisoning D. chronic mercury chloride poisoning E. chronic vinyl chlorideB. chronic ethyl alcohol use
  34. 34Histologic examination of a large myocardial infarct of 1-3 days duration would MOST LIKELY reveal the presence of: A. endothelial cells B. fibroblasts C. lymphocytes D. macrophages E. neutrophilsE. neutrophils
  35. 35What characteristic MOST LIKELY indicates that a neoplasm is derived from astrocytes? A. presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein B. presence of myelin C. presence of synapses D. presence of tight junctions E. presence of vacuolesA. presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein
  36. 36What important complication of atherosclerosis is illustrated at location A in the abdominal aorta shown below? A. aneurysm B. aortic dissection C. mural embolus D. rupture with hemoperitoneum E. ulceration with associated hemorrhageA. aneurysmWhat important complication of atherosclerosis is illustrated at location A in the abdominal aorta shown below? A. aneurysm B. aortic dis...
  37. 37Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of a brain infarct? A. Fibroblasts do not proliferate in the region of infarct and form a collagenous. B. Macrophages can take months to remove necrotic debris from the region of infarct. C. Macrophages migrate into the region of infarct during the first two weeks. D. Neurons are less vulnerable than glial cells to hypoxic injury. E. Reactive astrocytes form a wall around the region of the infarct.D. Neurons are less vulnerable than glial cells to hypoxic injury.
  38. 38Which of the following histopathologic features is MOST characteristic of Alzheimer's disease? A. focal demyelinization B. microabscesses C. multiple microinfarcts D. reactive gliosis E. senile plaque formationE. senile plaque formation
  39. 39Which of the following is MOST characteristic of multiple sclerosis? A. asymmetrical distribution of plaques B. disease of older adults from southern latitudes C. loss of oligodendrocytes D. periarterial infiltration by neutrophils E. reactive astrocytic gliosisC. loss of oligodendrocytes
  40. 40What neurologic disease does NOT directly involve the CNS cell shown below? A. acute bacterial meningitis B. Alzheimer's disease C. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease D. glioblastoma multiforme E. polioA. acute bacterial meningitisWhat neurologic disease does NOT directly involve the CNS cell shown below? A. acute bacterial meningitis B. Alzheimer's disease C. Creut...
  41. 41A 71-year-old man with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease expires within one year of onset of progressive dementia. At autopsy, the gross brain appears unremarkable. Histologic examination of the brain would MOST LIKELY show A. cytoplasmic viral inclusions within oligodendrocytes with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate B. Lewy bodies in neurons of the substania nigra C. nuclear viral inclusions within neurons and reactive gliosis D. senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles E. spongiform vacuolization of cortical neuronsE. spongiform vacuolization of cortical neurons
  42. 42Among the following, which is LEAST LIKELY to increase the risk of leukemia? A. chemical carcinogens (e.g., benzene) B. EBV C. genetic disorders (e.g., Down's syndrome) D. radiation exposure E. smokingB. EBV
  43. 43The Reed-Sternberg cell is characteristic of: A. acute myelocytic leukemia B. Burkitt's lymphoma C. chronic lymphocytic leukemia D. follicular lymphoma E. Hodgkin's diseaseE. Hodgkin's disease
  44. 44Among the following statements, which is MOST LIKELY concerning leukemias? A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia affects primarily adults. B. Leukemias arise from hematopoietic differentiated cells. C. Most acute myelocytic leukemic cells contain myeloperoxidase. D. Most common form of leukemia in childhood and adolescence is acute myelocytic leukemia. E. The Philadelphia chromosome is primarily seen in acute myelocytic leukemia.C. Most acute myelocytic leukemic cells contain myeloperoxidase.
  45. 45Multiple myeloma cells arise from: A. endothelial cells B. macrophages C. neutrophils D. plasma cells E. T-cellsD. plasma cells
  46. 46What is the MOST LIKELY complication in the gross specimen of the tricuspid valve shown below from a 37-year-old IV drug user? A. acute hypertensive episode B. acute renal infarct C. brain abscess and sepsis D. left ventricular hypertrophy E. multiple pulmonary abscessesE. multiple pulmonary abscessesWhat is the MOST LIKELY complication in the gross specimen of the tricuspid valve shown below from a 37-year-old IV drug user? A. acute h...
  47. 47Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma USUALLY: A. arises from B-cells. B. develops superficial lymphadenopathy that is painful, soft, and discrete. C. found only in the gastrointestinal tract. D. is less common than Hodgkin's disease. E. occurs only in the elderly.A. arises from B-cells.
  48. 48Which is the MOST common valve affected in chronic rheumatic heart disease? A. aortic valve B. inferior vena cava valve C. mitral valve D. pulmonic valve E. tricuspid valveC. mitral valve
  49. 49Among the following complications, which is LEAST LIKELY in a patient with bacterial pneumonia? A. abscess formation B. chronic bronchitis C. empyema D. fibrinous pleuritis E. sepsisB. chronic bronchitis
  50. 50Diffuse lymphomas are: A. clinically less aggressive compared to follicular lymphomas. B. indolent tumors compared to follicular lymphomas. C. more common compared to follicular lymphomas. D. primarily derived from T-cells. E. sometimes associated with a translocation of chromosome 8 and 14 involving the c-myconcogene.E. sometimes associated with a translocation of chromosome 8 and 14 involving the c-myconcogene.
  51. 51Among the following pathologic features, which is MOST LIKELY in asthma? A. epithelial goblet cell hypoplasia B. "honeycomb" lung C. inflammation and edema of the bronchial walls D. mucus plugging of the alveolar sacs E. smooth muscle dysplasiaC. inflammation and edema of the bronchial walls
  52. 52Which of the following organisms causes San Joaquin Valley fever? A. Aspergillus fumigatus B. Blastomyces dermatitidis C. Candida albicans D. Coccidioides immitis E. Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominusD. Coccidioides immitis
  53. 53A 2-year-old child develops a malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the jaw. A sample of tumor is sent for karyotype and molecular analyses. The results demonstrate a t8:14 and increased copies of the c-myc gene. The MOST LIKELY diagnosis is A. Burkitt's lymphoma B. follicular lymphoma C. large cell lymphoma D. multiple myeloma E. well-differentiated small cell lymphomaA. Burkitt's lymphoma
  54. 54The LEAST LIKELY complication of peptic ulcer disease is: A. acute and chronic hemorrhage B. fistula formation C. gastric outlet obstruction D. penetration E. perforationB. fistula formation
  55. 55Which of the following is MOST LIKELY to play a role in the pathogenesis of emphysema? A. acute inflammation of the alveolar walls B. cigarette smoke oxidants C. eosinophils D. goblet cell hyperplasia E. increased alpha-1-antitrypsin serum levelsB. cigarette smoke oxidants
  56. 56A 29-year-old man with cystic fibrosis dies of respiratory complications. At autopsy, a section of his lung is shown below. What is the MAJOR pathologic diagnosis? A. bronchiectasis B. centriacinar emphysema C. diffuse interstitial fibrosis D. “honey comb” lung E. miliary tuberculosisA. bronchiectasisA 29-year-old man with cystic fibrosis dies of respiratory complications. At autopsy, a section of his lung is shown below. What is the M...
  57. 57Symptoms and signs from significant atherosclerotic narrowing of coronary arteries usually does NOT occur until what percentage of narrowing is present? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 90% E. 100%C. 75%
  58. 58Which of the following symptoms would LEAST LIKELY to occur in gastric carcinoma? A. abdominal pain B. early satiety C. malabsorption D. nausa and vomiting E. weight lossC. malabsorption
  59. 59Which of the following is MATCHED correctly? A. Aschoff body -- Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominus B. cytopathic/cytoproliferative inflammation -- Aspergillus fumigatus C. liquefactive necrosis -- Coccidioides immitis D. lobar pneumonia – Candida albicans E. pneumonia -- Pneumocystis cariniiE. pneumonia -- Pneumocystis carinii
  60. 60Among the following symptoms and signs of lung cancer, which is MOST LIKELY an extrathoracic effect? A. bronchiectasis B. hemoptysis C. hypercalcemia D. productive cough E. wheezingC. hypercalcemia
  61. 61In contrast to chronic bronchitis, the histopathology of centriacinar emphysema includes: A. bronchial submucosal gland hypertrophy B. bronchial wall smooth muscle hyperplasia C. goblet cell hyperplasia and chronic inflammatory cells D. destruction of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar walls E. squamous dysplasiaD. destruction of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar walls
  62. 62The MOST characteristic histopathologic finding in Crohn's Disease is: A. crypt abscesses B. diffuse chronic infammation C. granulomatous inflammation D. pseudopolyps E. ulcerationC. granulomatous inflammation
  63. 63Among the following histopathologic findings, which is MOST LIKELY to be found in a patient with diffuse alveolar damage (ARDS)? A. bronchiectasis B. eosinophils and edema C. hyaline membranes D. microabscesses E. multiple acute infarctsC. hyaline membranes
  64. 64The MOST SIGNIFICANT risk factor, in terms of developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, is: A. achalasia B. alcohol consumption and heavy smoking C. chronic benzene exposure D. Helicobacter pylori infection E. post-alkali ingestionB. alcohol consumption and heavy smoking
  65. 65Among the following, which do you MOST LIKELY associate with ulcerative colitis? A. "cobble stoned" mucosa B. fistula formation C. furrow ulcers D. granulomatous inflammation E. pseudopolypsE. pseudopolyps
  66. 66Colonic adenocarcinoma is associated with: A. acute bacterial colitis B. adenomatous polyp C. blood group B D. high fiber diet E. low fat dietB. adenomatous polyp
  67. 67A 53-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with a recent history of a malodorous bloody discharge following intercourse. Her last PAP smear was 13 years ago. What would be the MOST LIKELY diagnosis? A. carcinoma-in-situ B. condyloma C. endometrial carcinoma D. high grade SIL E. invasive cervical squamous cell carcinomaE. invasive cervical squamous cell
  68. 68Which of the following is MOST LIKELY in ulcerative colitis? A. adenomatous polyps B. "backwash" esophagitis C. bloody diarrhea D. oral involvement E. small bowel obstructionE. small bowel obstruction
  69. 69Among the following, the LEAST likely consequence of adenocarcinoma of the colon is: A. abscess/fistulous communication B. anemia C. obstruction D. paraneoplastic syndrome E. peritonitis due to perforationD. paraneoplastic syndrome
  70. 70Among the following signs and symptoms, which is the MOST typical presenting complaint of patients with esophageal carcinoma? A. early satiety B. progressive dysphagia C. pain 1-3 hours after eating D. palpable throat tumor E. painless enlarged left supraclavicular lymph nodeB. progressive dysphagia
  71. 71A previously healthy 65-year-old man visits his family practice physician with a chief complaint of vague intermittent epigastric pain for the last two months. He describes the pain as starting 1 to 2 hours after eating which is relieved by drinking milk or taking antacids. He denies hematemesis or black tarry stools. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy reveals a sharply punched-out oval mucosal defect measuring 2.5 centimeters in diameter located on the lesser curvature of the stomach. What is the MOST LIKELY diagnosis? A. chronic atrophic gastritis B. chronic peptic ulcer C. linitis plastica D. esophageal carcinoma E. gastric adenocarcinomaB. chronic peptic ulcer
  72. 72Among the following clinical features, which is LEAST LIKELY associated with nephrotic syndrome? A. edema - secondary to increased plasma oncotic pressure allowing more water and solutes to remain in interstitial tissues B. hyperlipemia - secondary to lipid loss in the urine C. hypoproteinemia - plasma levels of albumin 3.0 gm% or less D. lipiduria - free fat droplets, oval fat bodies, fatty casts in urine E. proteinuria - urinary excretion of proteins, mostly albuminA. edema - secondary to increased plasma oncotic pressure allowing more water and solutes to remain in interstitial tissues
  73. 73What is the MOST common symptom associated with this left-sided invasive colonic adenocarcinoma? A. diarrhea B. hypokalemia and hyponatremia C. malabsorption D. pain due to infarction E. thin caliber stoolsE. thin caliber stoolsWhat is the MOST common symptom associated with this left-sided invasive colonic adenocarcinoma? A. diarrhea B. hypokalemia and hyponatre...
  74. 74A 45 year-old woman is recently diagnosed with acute and chronic pyelonephritis. Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY to be a predisposing factor for acute and chronic pyelonephritis? A. catheterization of lower urinary tract B. cystitis C. diurectic drugs D. lithiasis (stone formation) E. vesico-ureteral refluxC. diurectic drugs
  75. 75Osteomalacia is BEST defined as: A. abnormal calcification of bone B. agenesis (lack of development) of bone C. decreased bone density (mass) D. incomplete osteoid matrix calcification E. pressure atrophy of boneD. incomplete osteoid matrix calcification
  76. 76A 25-year-old pharmacy student presents to his family doctor with a chief complaint of right lower quadrant pain and fever for the last week. He describes the pain as dull, constant and nonradiating. He has noticed over the past several months increasing number of stools and on occasion bloody diarrhea. He denies any recent travel history. Physical exam reveals right lower quadrant tenderness. The rest of the physical exam is unremarkable. Stool cultures are negative. PPD skin test is negative. Lower gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsy taken at the ileocecal valve reveals hypertrophic lymphoid follicles, lymphedema, lymphangiectasia, acute and chronic inflammatory cells including several granulomas. Acid fast bacillus stain is negative. What is the LEAST LIKELY complication associated with this patient’s condition? A. fistula tract formation B. malabsorption C. peritonitis D. small bowel obstruction E. toxic megacolonE. toxic megacolon
  77. 77Among the following features, which is MOST LIKELY associated with osteogenic sarcoma? A. arise from osteoblasts B. low malignant potential C. occur most frequently in old age (greater than 50 years old) D. occur most frequently in the epiphysis of short bones E. usually metastasizes via lymphaticsA. arise from osteoblasts
  78. 78Which of the following is MOST LIKELY regarding renal cell carcinoma? A. Metastasis is often an late sign of renal cell carcinoma due to late hematogenous spread to lungs, brain and bones. B. Painful hematuria is the most common symptom. C. Renal cell carcinoma is associated with cigarette smoking or other chemical carcinogens. D. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common primary renal malignant tumor in children. E. Renal cell carcinoma originates from glomerular epithelium.C. Renal cell carcinoma is associated with cigarette smoking or other chemical carcinogens.
  79. 79A-35-year-old dentist is diagnosed with adult polycystic kidney disease. Which of the following statements is LEAST LIKELY regarding polycystic kidney disease (PCKD)? A. Adult PCKD is characterized by saccular and cystic dilatations of the nephrons in both kidneys. B. Adult PCKD may be associated with cysts in the liver and/or cerebral berry aneurysms; infantile PCKD invariably is associated with multiple hepatic cysts. C. Adult PCKD is symptomatic and usually fatal early on in life. D. The adult form of PCKD is inherited as autosomal dominant while the infantile form of PCKD is inherited as autosomal recessive. E. The adult form of PCKD is more common than the infantile form of PCKD.C. Adult PCKD is symptomatic and usually fatal early on in life.
  80. 80What is deposited in the joints and tissues of patients with gout? A. acidic hydrolases B. collagenases C. citric acid D. nucleic acid E. uric acidE. uric acid
  81. 81Which of the following labeled sites is predominantly affected in degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis)??Which of the following labeled sites is predominantly affected in degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis)?
  82. 82Among the following clinical features, which is LEAST LIKELY associated with acute osteomyelitis? A. acute and/or chronic inflammation B. causation by acute and chronic ischemic injury C. destruction of bone D. eventual sequestration of large pieces of dead bone E. pain and/or feverB. causation by acute and chronic ischemic injury
  83. 83What is the MOST LIKELY mechanism responsible for the destructive nature of acute rheumatic fever??
  84. 84Among the following symptoms and signs, which is LEAST LIKELY in a patient with acute leukemia? A. bleeding tendencies B. bone pain C. diarrhea D. fatigue E. fever and infectionC. diarrhea
  85. 85Basal cell carcinoma: A. is a benign neoplasm of basal melanocytes. B. is a neoplasm that will locally invade. C. is confined to the basal layer of the hair follicles. D. is preceded by a stage known as actinic keratosis. E. is highly metastatic.B. is a neoplasm that will locally invade.
  86. 86Which of the following statements regarding osteoarthritis is MOST LIKELY? A. degeneration of the articular cartilage B. frequent occurrence in thin individuals C. marked inflammation leading to pannus formation and ankylosis D. not associated with trauma E. pain is not associated with severely affected jointsA. degeneration of the articular cartilage
  87. 87What cutaneous lesion can increases the risk for evolving into invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin? A. actinic keratosis B. dysplastic nevus C. hemangioma D. seborrheic keratosis E. verruca vulgarisA. actinic keratosis
  88. 88A 26-year-old dental student with a pigmented lesion on her back since childhood decides to visit student health for further evaluation of her cutaneous lesion. Which of the following statements concerning her skin lesion is MOST LIKELY? A. During pregnancy, this lesion may become lighter in color. B. This lesion is a relatively uncommon lesion over the age of 68. C. The major cellular component of this lesion is squamous cells. D. This neoplasm will eventually metastasize. E. The risk of developing malignant melanoma is extremely low.E. The risk of developing malignant melanoma is extremely low.
  89. 89The MOST common invasive cancer of the female genital tract in the United States is: A. cervical squamous cell carcinoma B. endocervical adenocarcinoma C. endometrial adenocarcinoma D. ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma E. uterine leiomyosarcomaC. endometrial adenocarcinoma
  90. 90Among the following risk factors for developing squamous intraepithelial lesion and/or squamous carcinoma of the cervix, which is LEAST LIKELY? A. cigarette smoking B. celibacy C. human papillomavirus infection D. immunosuppression E. numerous different sexual partnersB. celibacy
  91. 91Among the following statements, which is LEAST LIKELY concerning mature cystic teratomas? A. are malignant tumors of the ovary B. are composed of derivatives from all three germ layers including ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm C. are usually an incidental finding D. arises from germ cells of the ovary E. can lead to complications including rupture and torsionA. are malignant tumors of the ovary
  92. 92What is the MOST LIKELY common symptom or sign of invasive endometrial carcinoma? A. hyperestrogenism B. increased abdominal girth C. malodorous discharge D. post-coital bleeding E. vaginal bleedingE. vaginal bleeding
  93. 93Among the following, which factor is LEAST LIKELY to be significant in the pathogenesis of endometrial adenocarcinoma? A. age greater than 50 at onset of menopause B. early menarche C. history of diabetes D. nulliparity E. obesityC. history of diabetes
  94. 94The MOST common malignant tumor in the uterus is: A. adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium B. endometrial adenocarcinoma C. leiomyosarcoma of the myometrium D. metastatic carcinoma E. serous cystadenocarcinoma of the endometriumB. endometrial adenocarcinoma
  95. 95Which feature of malignant melanoma is LEAST LIKELY of proven prognostic value? A. color B. metastasis C. sex D. site E. thicknessA. color
  96. 96Among the following statements about aging, which is LEAST LIKELY to be true? A. Alzheimer’s disease is a common complication of Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21). B. Histological features of Alzheimer’s disease include neurofibrillary tangles. C. Many patients with progeria die as teenagers. D. Patients with Werner’s syndrome have marked Alzheimer’s-like changes in the brain. E. The spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease includes a mild non-familial form.D. Patients with Werner’s syndrome have marked Alzheimer’s-like changes in the brain.
  97. 97Which of the following pairs is MOST LIKELY? A. aging -- decrease in incidence of certain cancers B. glucose tolerance -- increases with age C. maximum life span -- fixed in the human population D. mean life span -- decreased since antiquity E. renal function -- increases with ageC. maximum life span -- fixed in the human population
  98. 98Which of the following conditions would MOST LIKELY explain the gross specimen shown below? A. Alzheimer's disease B. bacterial meningitis C. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease D. hypertension leading to a stroke E. multiple sclerosisD. hypertension leading to a strokeWhich of the following conditions would MOST LIKELY explain the gross specimen shown below? A. Alzheimer's disease B. bacterial meningiti...
  99. 99What is the MOST common tumor of the female genital tract? A. adenocarcinoma of the endometrium B. mature teratoma (dermoid cyst) of the ovary C. ovarian serous cystadenoma D. squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix E. uterine leiomyomaE. uterine leiomyoma
  100. 100Tumors from which of the following anatomic sites in the female genital tract are responsible for THE GREATEST NUMBER of cancer deaths? A. cervix B. endometrium C. fallopian tube D. ovary E. vulvaD. ovary
  101. 101A previously well 19-year-old college student developed fever, chills and productive cough for 3 to 5 days. History, physical exam and laboratory studies are all consistent with acute bacterial pneumonia involving the right lung. If a biopsy of the right lung were done at this stage, it would MOST likely show: A. asbestos bodies B. granulation tissue C. hyaline membranes D. interstitial deposition of fibrin E. purulent exudateE. purulent exudate
  102. 102Among the following diseases, which has dystrophic calcification as a feature? A. bronchogenic carcinoma B. degenerative granulomas C. hyperparathyroidism D. leukemia E. multiple myelomaB. degenerative granulomas
  103. 103Choose the INCORRECT match: A. cytopathic-cytoproliferative inflammation – rabies encephalitis B. exudative inflammation - tuberculosis C. granulomatous inflammation – leprosy D. interstitial inflammation - viral pneumonia E. necrotizing inflammation – necrotizing staphylococcal pharyngitisB. exudative inflammation - tuberculosis
  104. 104Among the following, which tissue does NOT contain macrophages? A. brain B. bone C. lens D. lung E. skinC. lens
  105. 105A 17-year-old teenager with acute rheumatic fever presents with congestive heart failure. Among the following, a heart biopsy from this patient would MOST likely show: A. coagulative necrosis B. fat necrosis C. fibrinoid necrosis D. gangrenous necrosis E. liquefactive necrosisC. fibrinoid necrosis
  106. 106In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is: A. a form of reversible cell injury B. a passive process that is not reversible C. a rapid process due to the release of hydrolytic enzymes D. not associated with an inflammatory response E. triggered by ischemiaD. not associated with an inflammatory response
  107. 107Which leukocyte in this peripheral blood smear can become a microglia cell?DWhich leukocyte in this peripheral blood smear can become a microglia cell?
  108. 108What cellular change BEST describes T4 helper lymphocytes infected with HTLV-3? A. apoptosis B. anaplasia C. dysplasia D. hyperplasia E. metaplasiaA. apoptosis
  109. 109Which statement is MOST likely? A. Benign tumors can sometimes metastasize. B. Diffuse lymphomas are low grade and rapidly progressive. C. Invasive cancer often progresses to metastasis. D. Proto-oncogenes increase cell death. E. Tumor suppressor genes normally act to promote cell proliferation.C. Invasive cancer often progresses to metastasis.
  110. 110Which of the following viruses is MOST likely to have cellular trophism for lymphatic endothelial cells? A. AIDS virus B. Epstein-Barr virus C. human herpes virus 8 D. human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 E. JC virusC. human herpes virus 8
  111. 111Among the following infectious agents, which is MOST likely found in AIDS patients? A. atypical mycobacteria B. HTLV-3 C. invasive candidiasis D. Pneumocystis carinii E. Toxoplasm gondiiB. HTLV-3
  112. 112Which disease is generally thought of as a hypersensitivity type III reaction? A. asthma B. Bruton's hypogammaglobulinemia C. Goodpasture's disease D. post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis E. thymic dysplasiaD. post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
  113. 113Among the following consequences of injury, wound healing by secondary union is LEAST likely to: A. be complicated by bacterial contamination B. have increased granulation tissue, as compared with healing by primary union C. involve a shorter period of time for complete wound remodeling compared to primary union D. scar formation would be more likely compared to primary union E. undergo greater wound contraction, as compared with healing by primary unionC. involve a shorter period of time for complete wound remodeling compared to primary union
  114. 114In a patient with type I hypersensitivity reaction, the cell that is characteristic of the inflammatory infiltrate is the: A. basophil B. cytotoxic T8 lymphocyte C. eosinophil D. neutrophil E. plasma cellC. eosinophil
  115. 115Among the following cells and functions, identify the CORRECT pairing: A. fibroblasts: promote fibrin deposition B. macrophages: secrete immunoglobulins C. myofibroblasts: cause wound expansion D. neutrophils: produce collagen E. T4 lymphocytes: involved in granuloma formationE. T4 lymphocytes: involved in granuloma formation
  116. 116The majority of clotting factors are synthesized by: A. endothelial cells B. hepatocytes C. leukocytes D. macrophages E. plateletsB. hepatocytes
  117. 117Among the following consequences of benign neoplasia, identify the CORRECT pairing: A. anemia: tumor arising in a lymph node B. cachexia: abnormal gain in body water C. infection: obstructing a bronchus D. jaundice: tumor arising in the tail of the pancreas E. fever: massive necrosis of the tumorC. infection: obstructing a bronchus
  118. 118Which malignant tumor is associated with benzene? A. acute leukemia B. angiosarcoma of the liver C. basal cell carcinoma of the skin D. colonic adenocarcinoma E. squamous cell carcinoma of the lungA. acute leukemia
  119. 119Among the following pathologic features, which is MOST characteristic of malignant neoplasms? A. cells with low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio B. cells with mitotic activity C. compression of surrounding tissues without invasion D. encapsulated E. reversibleB. cells with mitotic activity
  120. 120Which of the following statements is LEAST likely? A. Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process. B. Hepatitis B is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. C. The most common malignant tumor leading to death in men is prostate carcinoma. D. The most common malignant tumor in women is breast cancer. E. The etiologies of the majority of cancers include irradiation, viruses and chemical carcinogens.C. The most common malignant tumor leading to death in men is prostate carcinoma.
  121. 121Which of the following viruses is associated with hairy leukoplakia? A. cytomegalovirus B. Epstein-Barr virus C. herpes simplex II D. HTLV-1 E. JC virusB. Epstein-Barr virus
  122. 122A 27-year-old AIDS patient with Kaposi's sarcoma of the skin and stomach develops Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and dies. At autopsy, the brain shows cystic changes in the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum, grossly. Microscopic examination of white matter discloses enlarged oligodendroglial nuclei with intranuclear inclusions. What is the MOST likely diagnosis? A. acute herpes encephalitis B. cryptococcal meningitis C. cytomegalovirus inclusion encephalitis D. progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis E. Varicella-zoster encephalitisD. progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis
  123. 123Among the following types of necrosis, which is associated with an Aschoff body? A. caseous B coagulative C. fat D. fibrinoid E. liquefactiveD. fibrinoid
  124. 124What is the adaptive response that has taken place in this section of epithelium of the esophagus on the right from a patient with Barrett esophagus? A. atrophy B. dysplasia C. hyperplasia D. hypertrophy E. metaplasiaE. metaplasiaWhat is the adaptive response that has taken place in this section of epithelium of the esophagus on the right from a patient with Barret...
  125. 125Aging changes in various organs, which pairing is INCORRECT? A. brain: cortical atrophy B. eye: glaucoma C. lung: emphysema D. musculoskeletal: osteoporosis E. skin: increased elasticityE. skin: increased elasticity
  126. 126The pathogenesis of emphysema due to smoking is dependent upon the release of elastase from: A. endothelial cells and fibroblasts B. fibroblasts cells and eosinophils C. lymphocytes and fibroblasts D. neutrophils and macrophages E. smooth muscle cells and vascular endothelial cellsD. neutrophils and macrophages
  127. 127Lead poisoning is associated with: A. chronic tubular necrosis B. colonic adenocarcinoma C. deposition in the liver D. gingival lead line E. macrocytic hypochromatic anemiaD. gingival lead line
  128. 128What is the MOST common cause of community-acquired (lobar) bacterial pneumonia? A. Escherichia coli B. Klebsiella pneumoniae C. Staphylococcus aureus D. Streptococcus pneumoniae E. Streptococcus pyogenesD. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  129. 129Which of the following extracellular substances is increased in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease? A. cartilage B. collagen C. elastin D. fibrin E. fibronectinB. collagen
  130. 130Among the following forms of tuberculosis, which is MOST likely to occur in primary tuberculosis? A. cavitary B. Ghon focus C. progressive pulmonary tuberculosis D. pulmonary miliary tuberculosis E. Simon focusB. Ghon focus
  131. 131Which neoplastic process is associated with vinyl chloride exposure? A. angiosarcoma of the liver B. basal cell carcinoma of the skin C. leukemia D. malignant lymphoma E. squamous cell carcinoma of the lungA. angiosarcoma of the liver
  132. 132Coccidioidomycosis: A. always begins in the kidneys B. is found primarily in the Mississippi River valleys C. is the most frequent cause of bacterial disease in AIDS patients D. often produces type IV hypersensitivity reaction E. triggers acute rheumatic feverD. often produces type IV hypersensitivity reaction
  133. 133Among the following pathophysiologic mechanisms, which is MOST likely to play a role in asthma? A. binding of C3a to eosinophils B. decreased smooth muscle responsiveness C. increased release and synthesis of cytokines D. mucous gland atrophy E. smooth muscle hypoplasiaC. increased release and synthesis of cytokines
  134. 134A 28-year-old HIV-positive man was found comatose on Freeway 280 after crashing his motorcycle into the guardrail. He had multiple fractures, including a depressed skull fracture, and he had a ruptured spleen. Intubated and resuscitated in the field, he was brought to the ICU and maintained on mechanical ventilation. Surprisingly, his initial admission chest x-ray was entirely unremarkable. Shortly after his admission, however, his chest x-ray began to show bilateral infiltrates, progressing to complete bilateral opacification ("white-out") within one week. Among the following, what is the MOST likely diagnosis for this patient's lung condition? A. acute staphylococcal bronchopneumonia B. adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) C. lobar pneumonia D. miliary tuberculosis E. pulmonary coccidioidomycosisB. adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
  135. 135Which of the following conditions is responsible for bronchiectasis? A. adult respiratory distress syndrome B. asthma C. centriacinar emphysema D. chronic bronchitis E. immotile cilia syndromeE. immotile cilia syndrome
  136. 136Among the following statements, regarding lung carcinoma, which one is MOST likely to be true? A. Adenocarcinoma is the least common histologic type of non-small cell lung cancer. B. Small cell carcinoma is characterized by gland formation. C. Small cell carcinoma shows neuroendocrine differentiation and can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome. D. The most common histologic variant of lung cancer is small cell carcinoma. E. The most lethal histologic variant of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma.C. Small cell carcinoma shows neuroendocrine differentiation and can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome.
  137. 137Among the following primary lung cancers, which is MOST likely associated with women, smoking and usually located in the periphery of the lung? A. adenocarcinoma B. anaplastic squamous cell carcinoma C. large cell carcinoma D. small cell carcinoma E. squamous cell carcinomaA. adenocarcinoma
  138. 138Among the following pathologic findings, the LEAST likely to be found in the lungs of an asthmatic patient is: A. airway eosinophilic inflammation B. Curshmann's spirals C. eosinophils D. goblet cell hypoplasia E. smooth muscle hyperplasiaD. goblet cell hypoplasia
  139. 139Panacinar emphysema (shown below) is MOST likely due to: A. alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency B. asbestos exposure C. smoking D. suppurative pneumonia E. viral pneumoniaA. alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
  140. 140Among the following clinical symptoms/signs, which is MOST likely to be associated with nephrotic syndrome: A. anuria B. hematuria C. hypertension D. oliguria E. significant hypoproteinemiaE. significant hypoproteinemia
  141. 141Among the following, which pathologic feature is MOST characteristic in the early stage of diffuse alveolar damage (ARDS)? A. diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage B. hyaline membranes C. interstitial pulmonary fibrosis D. lymphocytic interstitial inflammation E. organizing pneumoniaB. hyaline membranes
  142. 142Which of the following is MOST likely regarding adulthood polycystic kidney disease (PCD)? A. Adult PCD is often associated with cysts in the urinary bladder and/or cerebral berry aneurysms. B. Adult PCD is symptomatic in early infancy and usually not fatal. C. Infantile PCD is characterized by cystic dilatations affecting the collecting ducts of both kidneys. D. The adulthood form of PCD is inherited as autosomal recessive while the childhood form of PCD is inherited as dominant autosomal. E. The child form of PCD is more common than the adult form of PCD.C. Infantile PCD is characterized by cystic dilatations affecting the collecting ducts of both kidneys.
  143. 143Which one of the following sites is LEAST likely to be affected by atherosclerosis? A. abdominal aorta B. arterioles C. circle of Willis D. femoral artery E. left anterior descending coronary arteryB. arterioles
  144. 14446. Serum prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) is often elevated in prostate carcinoma and non-neoplastic conditions including prostatic nodular hyperplasia and prostatitis. What is serum prostatic-specific antigen MOST likely to be useful in: A. designing a molecular approach to treat prostatic adenocarcinoma B. detecting a microscopic focus of prostatic adenocarcinoma C. distinguishing nodular hyperplasia of the prostate from adenocarcinoma D. following patients with documented prostatic adenocarcinoma E. select patients before giving treatment for prostatic adenocarcinomaD. following patients with documented prostatic adenocarcinoma
  145. 145A 69-year-old man presents with hematuria. The urinalysis is normal, however the sediment contains tumor cells. Cystoscopy shows a lesion in the trigone of the urinary bladder, as well as mild left ureteral reflux. Among the following, the MOST appropriate next step in evaluating this patient!s lesion is: A. biopsy of the lesion B. chemotherapy and radiation C. empiric antibiotics D. surgical excision E. watchful waitingA. biopsy of the lesion
  146. 146Among the following, the MOST important indicator of prognosis in urinary bladder carcinoma is: A. age of patient at time of diagnosis B. degree of debilitation of patient C. grade D. number of recurrences E. wall invasionE. wall invasion
  147. 147Among the following, the LEAST likely consequence of right-sided acute infective endocarditis is: A. brain abscess B. lung infarct C. pulmonary embolism D. sepsis E. tricuspid valve perforationA. brain abscess
  148. 148Which hypersensitivity mechanism is associated with acute rheumatic fever?C.Which hypersensitivity mechanism is associated with acute rheumatic fever?
  149. 149What is the MOST common cause of systemic hypertension? A. adult polycystic kidney disease B. idiopathic C. post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis D. pregnancy E. bilateral severe chronic pyelonephritisB. idiopathic
  150. 150What is the LEAST common symptom associated with renal cell carcinoma (gross specimen is shown below)? A. fever B. flank pain C. painless hematuria D. palpable abdominal mass E. polycythemiaA. fever
  151. 151A 21-year-old intravenous drug abuser develops fever (39OC) and has a new heart murmur. Echocardiography discloses a large vegetation on the mitral valve. Two days into therapy he suddenly develops shortness of breath due to severe cardiac failure and dies. At autopsy, the pathologist would be LEAST likely to find: A. brain abscess B. myocardial abscesses C. perforated mitral valve leaflet D. pulmonary abscess E. septic embolus in coronary arteryD. pulmonary abscess
  152. 152A 51-year-old businesswoman with long-standing hypertension but otherwise in good health comes to the Emergency Room with a one-day history of chest discomfort and left arm pain. Following diagnostic evaluation in the Emergency Room, the woman is admitted for acute myocardial infarction. On the fourth hospital day, she dies suddenly. At postmortem examination, there is a hemopericardium. Among the following, the MOST likely cause of death is: A. aneurysmal ventricular dilatation B. arrhythmia C. cardiac rupture of the left ventricular wall D. dissecting hematoma of the aorta E. papillary muscle ruptureC. cardiac rupture of the left ventricular wall
  153. 153A 63-year-old woman had an acute myocardial infarct three years ago. She unfortunately dies in a drowning accident while swimming in her pool. What is the MOST likely cell that the medical examiner would find in her myocardial infarct shown below? A. endothelial cell B. fibroblast C. lymphocyte D. macrophage E. neutrophilB. fibroblastA 63-year-old woman had an acute myocardial infarct three years ago. She unfortunately dies in a drowning accident while swimming in her ...
  154. 154A 43-year-old woman undergoes mitral valve replacement for critical mitral valve stenosis due to chronic rheumatic valvular disease. Considering the pathophysiology of this women!s condition, the LEAST likely associated finding would be: A. dilated left atrium B. hemosiderin-laden macrophages in lung C. left ventricular hypertrophy D. pulmonary edema E. right ventricular hypertrophy and failureC. left ventricular hypertrophy
  155. 155Among the following, the pathogenesis of prion disease is MOST likely to involve: A. cell-mediated immunity B. genetic susceptibility C. neuronal toxin D. sensitization to myelin antigen E. transmissible agentE. transmissible agent
  156. 156Among the following descriptions, which key histologic feature of an old brain infarct is MOST likely to be: A. a cystic lesion surrounded by a glial scar B. a fibrous scar replacing the area of the dead tissue C. extensive hemorrhage with sparing of neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes D. extensive necrotic brain tissue with preservation of neurons and endothelial cells E. numerous brightly eosinophilic neurons and edemaA. a cystic lesion surrounded by a glial scar
  157. 157Among the following statements, which is LEAST likely in Alzheimer's disease? A. A clinical history of dementia is sufficient for making a definitive diagnosis. B. Recent memory loss occurs first. C. The incidence is greater among women. D. The prevalence increases with advancing age. E. The vast majority of cases are sporadic (i.e., not known to be genetic).A. A clinical history of dementia is sufficient for making a definitive diagnosis.
  158. 158A 53-year-old carpenter with chest discomfort and significantly elevated troponin I develops atrioventricular block. The culprit vessel is MOST likely to be the: A. circumflex artery B. left anterior descending coronary artery C. left main coronary artery D. left marginal artery E. right coronary arteryE. right coronary artery
  159. 159In patients with multiple sclerosis, the basis for neurological dysfunction is MOST likely: A. ischemic damage to neurons B. destruction of oligodendrocytes and astrocytic proliferation/gliosis C. neuronal accumulation of an abnormal intracellular protein D. neuronal aggregates of phosphorylated tau protein E. viral inclusions indicating alteration in neuronal metabolismB. destruction of oligodendrocytes and astrocytic proliferation/gliosis
  160. 160Adults with mitral stenosis would MOST likely have a history of: A. acute rheumatic fever B. congenital heart disease C. infective endocarditis D. hypertension E. ruptured chordae tendineaeA. acute rheumatic fever
  161. 161Among the following pathologic mechanisms, which is LEAST likely in multiple sclerosis? A. cell-mediated immunity B. genetic susceptibility C. neuronal toxin D. sensitization to myelin antigen E. viral infection triggering an autoimmune reactionC. neuronal toxin
  162. 162Among the following cell types, which one is MOST likely to be affected in Alzheimer!s disease? A. astrocyte B. endothelial cell C. microglia D. neuron E. Schwann cellD. neuron
  163. 163Which of the following conditions would MOST likely explain the gross specimen shown below? A. Alzheimer's disease B. bacterial meningitis C. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease D. hypertension leading to intracerebral hemorrhage E. multiple sclerosisA. Alzheimer's diseaseWhich of the following conditions would MOST likely explain the gross specimen shown below? A. Alzheimer's disease B. bacterial meningiti...
  164. 164Hodgkin's disease, nodular sclerosis type: A. frequently affects more women than men B. has no Reed-Sternberg cells C. is not curable D. is the least common subtype of Burkitt's lymphoma E. often spreads non-contiguouslyA. frequently affects more women than men
  165. 165Gilomas primarily arise from:C.Gilomas primarily arise from:
  166. 166What is the principle cell that is responsible for explaining dementia?A.What is the principle cell that is responsible for explaining dementia?
  167. 167A 54-year-old previously healthy woman presents to her physician after several months of weakness, easy bruising, and abdominal discomfort. The physician detects an enlarged spleen. A complete blood count (CBC) discloses an elevated white blood cell count of 143 x 109/L (143,000/mm3) composed mainly of mature neutrophils. The MOST likely diagnosis is: A. acute lymphocytic leukemia B. acute myelocytic leukemia C. chronic lymphocytic leukemia D. chronic myelocytic leukemia E. hairy cell leukemiaD. chronic myelocytic leukemia
  168. 168In Hodgkin!s disease, what is the pathologist looking for microscopically to make the diagnosis? A. atypical macrophages B. Hodgkin cell C. malignant lymphocytes with numerous mitotic figures D. numerous malignant cells E. Reed-Sternberg cellE. Reed-Sternberg cell
  169. 169A 72-year-old man being evaluated for anemia has a large fungating tumor in the ascending colon (shown below). The resected colon shows invasive adenocarcinoma. Among the following, the factor MOST likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of this lesion is: A. adenomatous polyp B. cigarette smoking C. genetic predisposition D. history of inflammatory bowel disease E. low dietary fat/high fiberA. adenomatous polypA 72-year-old man being evaluated for anemia has a large fungating tumor in the ascending colon (shown below). The resected colon shows i...
  170. 170Among the following leukemias, which is MOST likely to occur in children? A. acute lymphocytic leukemia B. acute myelogenous leukemia C. adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma D. chronic lymphocytic leukemia E. chronic myelogenous leukemiaA. acute lymphocytic leukemia
  171. 171Multiple myeloma is MOST likely to cause: A. acute renal failure B. brain metastasis C. hypocalcemia D. pathologic fractures E. decreased risk for infectionsD. pathologic fractures
    E. decreased risk for infection
  172. 172An 22-year-old man develops an enlarged cervical lymph node following an upper respiratory tract infection. A biopsy is performed and shows reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. The key pathogenic mechanism involved in the etiology of this disorder is: A. activation of the c-myc oncogene by the t(8;14) translocation. B. loss of bacteriocidal activity due to myelodysplasia. C. overexpression of bcl-2 protein by the t(14;18) translocation. D. production of an unusually active tyrosine kinase by the t(9;22) translocation. E. stimulation of normal B-cell development by microbial antigens.E. stimulation of normal B-cell development by microbial antigens.
  173. 173Among patients with Crohn's disease, the MOST common histopathologic feature is: A. chronic inflammation involving the mucosa and submucosa B. crypt abscesses C. granulomatous inflammation D. pseudopolyps E. sclerosing cholangitisC. granulomatous inflammation
  174. 174In a 60-year-old woman, the colonoscopist finds a solitary 2 cm diameter raspberry-like lesion protruding into the gut lumen by a long stalk. The surgical pathologist identifies adenomatous epithelium. In general, the MOST important complication of this type of lesion is: A. bowel obstruction B. potential ulceration and bleeding, leading to anemia C. evolving into invasive adenocarcinoma D. the possibility that it is the basis for a polyposis syndrome E. watery diarrhea resulting in electrolyte abnormalitiesC. evolving into invasive adenocarcinoma
  175. 175Among the following conditions, which is MOST likely to be associated with the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma? A. chronic achalasia B. chronic atrophic gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori infection C. Barrett esophagus due to gastroesophageal reflux D. hyperkeratosis of palms and soles E. lye-induced strictureC. Barrett esophagus due to gastroesophageal reflux
  176. 176Among the following features, the one that is MOST likely to be associated with chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hairy cell leukemia) is: A. females affected more often than males B. good response to cytotoxic chemotherapy C. mature T-cell phenotype D. splenomegaly E. tendency to evolve into high-grade lymphoma in terminal stagesD. splenomegaly
  177. 177The over-expression of bcl-2 protein caused by the t(14;18) translocation is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of follicular lymphomas by: A. causing down-regulation of the p53 gene. B. competitively binding to growth factor receptors. C. inducing a higher proliferative rate in the lymphoid cells. D. inducing “cell suicide” in regulatory cells. E. reducing apoptosis in the lymphoid cells.E. reducing apoptosis in the lymphoid cells.
  178. 178Among the following pathologic findings, the one that is MOST likely to be seen in ulcerative colitis is: A. adenomatous polyps B. granulomatous inflammation C. rectal involvement D. skipped mucosal ulceration E. transmural inflammationC. rectal involvement
  179. 179Which of the following is MOST likely to increase the risk for ulcerating gastric carcinoma? A. achalasia B. alcohol and smoking C. chronic atrophic gastritis D. low fiber content in diet E. Plummer-Vincent syndromeC. chronic atrophic gastritis
  180. 180A 28-year-old woman presents to the emergency room complaining of crampy abdominal pain and diarrhea. The initial work-up is consistent with inflammatory bowel disease. A feature that helps distinguish Crohn!s disease from ulcerative colitis is: A. extra-intestinal lesions B. granulomatous inflammation C. progression of disease D. rectal involvement E. type of diarrheaB. granulomatous inflammation
  181. 181Among the following, which is LEAST likely a consequence of colonic adenocarcinoma? A. abscess/fistulous communication B. acute peritonitis due to perforation C. anemia D. obstruction E. paraneoplastic syndromeE. paraneoplastic syndrome
  182. 182Among patients with gastric carcinoma, the MOST common presenting symptom is: A. fatigue B. hematemesis C. massive upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding D. nausea and vomiting E. weight lossE. weight loss
  183. 183Which of the following is MOST likely to increase the risk of osteoporosis? A. estrogen replacement therapy B. low body weight C. obesity D. weight lifters E. young womenB. low body weight
  184. 184A 16-year-old teenager with a painful right knee for the last two weeks visits his pediatric clinic. He denies any history of trauma. A radiograph discloses an ill-defined mass, which is raising the periosteum of the distal metaphysis of the right femur with a “sun burst appearance”. An excisional biopsy reveals a tumor comprised of spindle-shaped cells laying down malignant osteoid with focal areas of mineralization. The MOST likely diagnosis is: A. chondrosarcoma B. giant cell tumor of bone C. multiple meloma D. primary osteogenic sarcoma E. prostatic carcinoma metastasisD. primary osteogenic sarcoma
  185. 185Which of the following characteristics is MOST likely associated with rheumatoid arthritis? A. asymmetrical pattern of joint involvement B. eburnation (loss of hyaline cartilage exposing subchondral bone) C. subchondral bone cyst formation D. pannus formation E. weight bearing jointsD. pannus formation
  186. 186Acute osteomyelitis is MOST commonly caused by: A. Escherichia coli B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa D. Salmonella typhimurium E. Staphylococcus aureusE. Staphylococcus aureus
  187. 187What is the MOST important histologic risk factor for endometrial adenocarcinoma? A. endometrial atrophy B. endometrial hamartoma C. endometrial hyperplasia D. endometrial hypertrophy E. endometrial metaplasiaC. endometrial hyperplasia
  188. 188A 22-year-old woman has an abnormal Pap smear. On colposcopy, the entire lesion is visualized and the biopsy is performed. The cervical biopsy is diagnosed as carcinoma-in-situ and the entire lesion is removed. What is MOST likely to occur in this patient? A. death due to ureteral obstruction leading to renal failure B. develop metastatic cervical carcinoma C. irregular vaginal bleeding following intercourse D. prognosis is excellent E. spread to pelvic lymph nodesD. prognosis is excellent
  189. 189Among the following statements regarding tumors of the ovary, which one is MOST likely to be true? A. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach never metastasizes to the ovary. B. In the mucinous category, these tumors are the most common primary malignant ovarian tumor (i.e., mucinous cystadenocarcinoma). C. Malignant ovarian tumors rarely metastasize. D. Mature cystic teratomas arise from germ cells. E. Ovarian surface epithelial cells give rise to sex cord-stromal tumors.D. Mature cystic teratomas arise from germ cells.
  190. 190The MOST common tumor of the female genital tract is: A. adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium B. endometrial adenocarcinoma C. leiomyoma of the myometrium D. metastatic carcinoma E. ovarian serous cystadenocarcinomaC. leiomyoma of the myometrium
  191. 191What hormone is LEAST likely to affect bone metabolism? A. estrogen B. growth hormone C. mineralocorticoid D. parathyroid hormone E. vitamin DC. mineralocorticoid
  192. 192Among the following, a Pap test would be LEAST likely to be useful in the evaluation of: A. adenocarcinoma of the endocervix B. cervicitis following radiation damage C. koilocytosis suggestive of infection with human papilloma virus D. ovarian serous cystic adenocarcinoma E. squamous cell carcinoma of the cervixD. ovarian serous cystic adenocarcinoma
  193. 193The causative agent responsible for verruca vulgaris is: A. cytomegalovirus B. Epstein-Barr virus C. herpes simplex D. human papillomavirus E. HTLV-1D. human papillomavirus
  194. 194What is the MOST important risk factor for developing malignant melanoma of the skin? A. chronic arsenic exposure B. industrial carcinogens C. old burn scars D. solar keratosis E. ultraviolet radiationE. ultraviolet radiation
  195. 195The gross specimen below demonstrates uterine leiomyomas. What hormone will significantly increase the size of these tumors? A. aldosterone B. cortisol C. estrogen D. growth hormone E. thyroxineC. estrogenThe gross specimen below demonstrates uterine leiomyomas. What hormone will significantly increase the size of these tumors? A. aldostero...
  196. 196A 83-year-old woman is recently diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma on her left cheek. What is the MOST likely risk factor that contributed to her lesion? A. female sex B. location C. persistent chronic inflammation D. solar keratosis E. UV radiation exposureE. UV radiation exposure
  197. 197A 69-year-old migrant farm worker has numerous solar keratoses over his arms and hands. What is the primary etiologic factor for solar keratosis? A. arsenic ingestion B. chronic skin ulcers C. cumulative ultraviolet radiation exposure D. chronic exposure to pesticides E. severe thermal injuryC. cumulative ultraviolet radiation
  198. 198A 55-year-old Caucasian man presents to his primary care physician complaining of generalized flat, red, target-like appearing skin rash. He just started taking penicillin for a bacterial pharyngitis. Physical exam reveals similar oral lesions as well. What is the MOST likely skin condition that is responsible for this patient!s clinical presentation? A. granulomatous dermatitis B. interface dermatitis C. psoriasiform dermatitis D. vasculitis E. vesiculobullous dermatitisB. interface dermatitis

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Karteikarten am Path Final, erstellt von Carolyn Ferenz am 08/12/2017.
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